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Notes: Ch 6 Romans I. Geography & Location Influenced Rome’s success. 1. Rome was founded in 753BC by the Latins and was nothing more than a cluster of huts on seven rolling hills known as Paletine Hill. It was located on the Tiber River (the area was called Latium by the latins) 2. It was located 18 miles inland from the western coast of Italy. Being just inland protected it from invasion. The mountains also protected Rome and Italy from invasion. Being located near the ocean and on the Tiber River gave easy access to the Mediterranean Sea. 3. Italy is located in the midpoint of the Mediterranean Sea. The Romans could send out ships for trade and war in all directions. 4. Rome being located on the 1st good crossing point on the Tiber River meant that all key trade routes and roads met at Rome (“All roads lead to Rome”). It became a center for trade and cultural diffusion. 5. In addition, Rome’s central location between North and South allowed for Rome to govern its Empire easily once it began to expand. II. Groups of People that influenced the Romans. 1. The Latins: founders of Rome (came to the area in 1000BC), influenced the Romans with their culture and language. 2. The Greeks: The Greeks began to establish trade colonies (750BC600BC) around the Med. Area and on southern Italy. The influenced the Romans with their culture, religion (took Greek gods and changed their names – Zeus became Jupiter), Greek architecture & art, how to grow grapes and olives. 3. The Etruscans: They were native to Greece. The gave Rome its earliest Kings, religious rituals, military formations, dress, system of writing, architecture (arch). III. Roman Republic 1. In the beginning the Romans had kings, but in 509BC they overthrew their kings and established a Republic (government where power rests in the hands of citizens who have the right to vote). 2. Rome was divided into Patricians (Upper class aristocratic land owners) and Plebeians (lower class –merchants, farmers, artisans, everyday people) 3. The government was made up of 3 branches (Executive, Legislative & Judicial) The Executive Branch- 2 Consuls (leaders of the government and the army), served for 1 year teams. The Legislative branch- The Senate (300 members), made up of the aristocratic landowners. Controlled public funds and foreign policy. In addition to the Senate, Rome also had an assembly that was divided into two groups. The Centuriate Assembly (made up of citizen soldiers appointed consuls and made laws. The Tribal assembly elected Tribunes (representatives of the Plebeians) and made laws for the common people. The Judicial Branch- Made up of Praetors (judges) that were in charge of the courts and enforcing laws. The Laws of the Romans were called the 12 Tables placed in the forum, and the later the Law of Nations were introduced and added to Roman law. In addition, a dictator may be put in place in times of war or crisis. The Dictator would have total control of the military and declare martial law. He would rule for a 6th month period. IV. Roman Military 1. The Legion: a unit of 4000-5000 Roman soldiers usually supported by a cavalry (solders mounted on horses). 2. The Legion was made up of smaller groups called a century. A century had about 80 men in it. All landowners were required to serve in the army. Public office holders had to have served in the military. The strength of the legion was its flexibility. Each century could break away and act independently of the group. V. Roman Power spreads 1. In 265BC the Romans had conquered all of Italy and began to expand out from there. 2. For the next 250 years they would continue to expand their empire. VI. Punic Wars 1. (264-146BC) between Rome and Carthage 2. Carthage was located on the northern most tip of Africa directly across from Italy. Carthage was one of the wealthiest cities in the Mediterranean from trade throughout the region. 3. the 1st Punic War (264BC) was fought over control of Sicily (rich in grain and a very strategic position in the mid point of the Med. Sea between Carthage and Rome. Rome copied the design of a Carthagenian ship and improved the design, then used it to build their navy stronger. They struggled from Sicily for years but eventually took it in 241 BC. 4. 2nd Punic War (218BC-202BC) Hannibal a young brilliant general from Carthage uses an army of 50,000 and 60- 100 battle elephants to invade Italy. He did a sneak attack from the north through the Alps. He defeated the Roman army every time he faced them on Italian soil. He raided village after village and became very wealthy, but could never take the city of Rome. Eventually, a Roman general named Scipio attacked Carthage to lure him out of Italy. Just south of Carthage Scipio faced Hannibal and defeated him at the Battle of Zama in 202BC. Hannibal escaped, but later killed himself to avoid the tortures of capture. 5. Third Punic War Senator Cato- Would end his speeches “Carthage Must Be Destroyed” 149-146BC Scipio’s grandson (Scipio) attacked Carthage to destroy it once and for all. After 3 years of siege he defeated them and burned the city off of the face of the earth. All the citizens of the city of 50,000 were sold into slavery. It them became Roman province known as “Africa” . Section 2 Expansion of the Empire Creates Problems I. The Roman Republic Collapses 1. Problems begin to grow as Rome continues to expand. 1/3 of the population was made up of slaves. Small farmers had a hard time competing with the large wealthy estates with a large slave labor force. Many farmers left for the cities in search of jobs. New urban poor ¼ of Rome’s population. Tensions grew between the rich and poor and finally civil war breaks out. 2. Civil War Breaks out within the Roman Empire The growing tensions between the rich and poor finally turned into all out war after the reforms of the Gracchus brothers. They actually tried to help Rome’s poor by proposing reforms that limited the size of estates and giving land to the poor. They were strongly opposed by the wealthy senators (who were the owners of large estates). Both brothers met violent deaths in 133BC & 121BC and civil war followed. 3. Marius & Sulla Generals began to recruit the landless poor into their armies by promising them land. They fought for pay and owed allegiance to only their commander. It was now possible for an ambitious politician/general to take over by force. Marius and Sulla were two such men. Between 88BC-82BC they fought a civil war for control of Rome. Sulla won and was named dictator. II. Julius Caesar & the 1st Triumvirate 1. Caesar, Crassus and Pompey join forces in 60 BC In 59BC they got Caesar elected as Consul and the three ruled Rome with bribery, trickery and force for the next 10 yrs. In 50 BC the Senate with Pompey’s urging ordered Caesar to disband his legions and return to Rome from Gaul where he had been fighting Caesar defied the order and returned with his legions to take on Pompey. (Pompey fled). But Caesar later defeated him in Greece. 2. Caesar is named Solo ruler of Rome (Dictator for life). 44BC Caesar named dictator for life Begins sweeping reforms for Rome. 3. Caesar’s Reforms Granted citizenship to people from Roman provinces. Expanded the senate (put many of his friends and supporters in the senate to weaken its power and keep an eye on things). Created jobs for the poor (public buildings projects) Gave land grants and started clonies Increased the pay of his soldiers. 4. Caesar is assassinated He is assassinated by a group of senators on March 15, 44BC. They said the reason was he was becoming to powerful, but he was also decreasing their power. The fact that they had lost land, power & wealth also played a role in the assassination. III. 2nd Triumvirate 1. Octavian, Lepidus and mark Antony formed the 2nd Triumvirate Joined together in 43 BC. Purpose: to avenge Caesar’s death. They killed everyone involved with the assassination or anyone that was suspected of being involved. 2. The second Triumvirate fell apart as the first one did. They began to struggle for power. Octavian & mark Antony eventually faced off to see who would rule Rome. Octavian won at the battle of Actium 31 BC M. Antony & Cleopatra committed suicide. Octavian becomes Augustus (the Solo Ruler of Rome) Emperor Augustus. IV. Pax Romana 1. Pax Romana was a period of peace and prosperity within the Roman Empire It lasted from 27BC – 180AD The term means “Roman Peace” Period with little or no war within the Roman Empire. V. Christianity. 1. Origins: The religion started as an off branch of Christianity. 2. The Romans take over Judea and allow local officials to continue as normal. 3. Jesus was born around 5BC as a Roman subject in Nazareth. 4. Jesus began his teachings at the age of 30. 5. He grew in popularity and started to pull in large crowds as news of his miricles spread and more people were introduced to his teachings. 6. Many people believed Jesus to be the long awaited Messiah and son of God. 7. His 12 disciples helped spread his teachings The Gospels were the 1st 4 books of the New Testament. 8. Jesus was crucified by the Romans. 9. Reasons for the spread of Christianity. Paul, Pax Romana, road system, common languages, its appeal, converts were welcome, missionaries 10. Why was it appealing to so many people? Embraced all people no matter poor, rich, weak, strong, … Gave hope to powerless, appealed to those upset with the extravagances of Rome, offered a personal relationship with God, promised eternal life. 11. Why were Christians persecuted? They refused to worship the Roman gods. Romans blamed them for their political & economic problems. 12. Finally, in 313AD the emperor Constantine signed the Edict of Milan, making Christianity an accepted religion within the Roman empire.