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8th grade Semester 1 study guide (version B)
Essential Standard 3a: The structure of the atom and how it is composed of protons, neutrons and electrons.
1.
Name the parts of an atom. Give the charge and amu for each. Proton + 1 amu, Neutron 0 1 amu, electron - 1/1,826amu
2.
Draw a Bohr model for an atom of each element below:
Hydrogen
Helium
Carbon
Neon
Sodium
1+
Oxygen
3.
What are valence electrons?
4.
How do you determine the number of valence electrons for an element using the periodic table?
Give the number of valence electrons for:
Phosphorus_________
Krypton___________Lithium___________Calcium_____________Aluminum__________
Essential Standard 3b: Compounds are formed by combining two or more different elements. Compounds have properties that
are different from the constituent elements.
1.
Describe how ionic bonds are formed. Give two examples of ionic compounds.
2.
Describe how covalent bonds are formed. Give two examples of covalent compounds.
3.
Describe how metallic bonds are formed. Give two examples.
4.
How are electron dot diagrams used?
5.
Draw an electron dot diagram for: Sulfur
Fluorine
Carbon
H2
H2O
Essential Standard 3d: The states (solid, liquid, gas) of matter depend on molecular motion.
1. Describe how particles move and draw a diagram for each state of matter:
a. Solid
b. Liquid
c. Gas
2.
Define matter:
3.
Define mass.
4.
Define volume.
5.
Define weight.
6.
Explain the difference between weight and mass.
7.
Define inertia.
Essential Standard 5a: Reactant atoms and molecules interact to form products with different chemical properties.
1.
What are chemical reactions?
2.
What are clues that a chemical reaction is taking place? Give one example of each
3.
What is a chemical formula?
4.
What is a chemical equation?
1
5.
What is a reactant?
6.
What is a product?
7.
What is a subscript? How is it used in a chemical formula?
8.
Count the number of atoms of each element:
C6H12O6
Na (SO2)4
CO2
How many atoms of oxygen in this reaction? (Remember the number of atoms is equal in the reactants and the product)
CH4 + 2O2
9.
2H2O + CO2
What is a coefficient? How is it used in chemical equations?
10. Name the three types of chemical reactions and give an example of each equation.
Essential Standard 5b: The idea of atoms explains the conservation of matter: in chemical reactions the number of atoms stays
the same no matter how they are arranged, so their total mass stays the same.
1.
Explain the law of conservation of matter.
2.
Why do chemical equations need to be balanced?
3.
Balance the following equations:
a. NaCl + H2SO4
c. Al + CuSO4
4.
Na2SO4 + HCl
b. P + O2
Al2(SO4)3 + Cu
P2O5
d. C + O2
CO
Describe what happens when a chemical reaction is exothermic.
6.
Describe what happens when a chemical reaction is endothermic.
7.
What is activation energy?
8.
List and describe the factors that affect the rates of chemical reactions? Give examples of each.
Essential Standard 6a: Carbon, because of its ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, has a central role
in the chemistry of living organisms.
1.
Explain why carbon is considered the backbone of organic compounds.
2.
What are carbohydrates and how are they used in the body?
3.
What is a lipid and how is it used in the body?
4.
What are proteins and how are they used in the body? Give two examples of proteins.
5.
What are amino acids?
6.
What are nucleic acids and how are they used in the body?
7.
What are hydrocarbons?
8.
What are the three types of chains in a hydrocarbon? Draw a diagram to show each type.
Essential Standard 7a: How to identify regions corresponding to metals, nonmetals, and inert gases.
The Periodic Table
2
1.
2.
What is a period?
What is a group?
3.
What are the three categories of elements?
4.
What group is the most reactive metal? Why?
5.
What group is the most reactive nonmetal? Why?
6.
How can using the group numbers help predict bonding?
7.
Which transition metals are radioactive or unstable?
Essential Standard 7b: Elements are defined by the number of protons in the nucleus, which is called the atomic number.
Different isotopes of an element have a different number of neutrons in the nucleus.
1.
What is a pure substance?
2.
What is the atomic number?
3.
What is the mass number?
4.
How is the atomic mass number different from the mass number?
5.
How do you determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom?
Element
Calcium (Ca)
Phosphorus (P)
Xenon (Xe)
Potassium (K)
Iron (Fe)
5.
Protons
Neutrons
What is an isotope?
6. Draw the atomic model for the isotopes : Carbon-12
Carbon-13
Carbon-14
Essential Standard 7e: How to determine whether a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral.
1.
Define an acid. What are some of the properties of acids?
2.
Define a base. What are some of the properties of bases?
3.
What would happen if you combine an acid with a base?
4.
How is litmus paper used as an indicator?
5.
What is pH? Explain the pH scale 0 – 14 in terms of acidic, neutral and basic.
6.
What happens to the pH level of a solution in which the hydrogen ions ( H +) are increased?
7.
What happens to the pH level of a solution in which the hydroxide ions (OH -) are increased?
Essential Standard 9a: Plan and conduct a scientific investigation to test a hypothesis.
1.
What is a hypothesis?
2.
What are the steps in the scientific method?
3.
What is a variable? Give an example.
4.
What is a controlled experiment?
3
Electrons
Essential Standard 9e: Construct appropriate graphs from data and develop quantitative statements about the relationships
between variables.
REVIEW GRAPHS AND DIAGRAMS IN THE TEXT BOOK.
Essential Standard 9f: Apply simple mathematical relationships to determine one quantity given the other two (including
speed= distance x time, density = mass/volume, force = pressure x area, volume = area x height).
1.
What is the equation for finding density?
Volume?
Area?
2.
Solve the following problems. Show your work.
a.
A small piece of gold has a volume of 0.87 cm3. What is the mass of the gold, if the density is 19.2 g/ cm3 ?
b.
A copper penny has a mass of 3.1 g and a volume of 0.35 cm 3 . What is the density of the penny?
c.
What is the mass of a cube of aluminum 5.0 cm on each edge, if the density of aluminum is 2.7 g/ cm3 ?
d.
What is the density of a chunk of shiny metal that has a mass of 57.3 g and a volume of 4.7 cm 3?
e.
What is the volume of an object with a length of 24 cm, width of 4 cm and a height of 10 cm?
f.
A book has a length of 30 cm, a width of 17 cm, and a height of 5 cm. What is its volume?
g.
What is the area of a rug measuring 5 m on each side?
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