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Ancient Greece Ancient Greece SECTION 1 The Impact of Geography • Greece is a mountainous peninsula • Made up of small, independent communities • Sailed the Aegean, Black, and Mediterranean Seas The Minoan Civilization • Established 2800 BC on Crete • Named after King Minos • Flourished Between 2700 and 1450 BC The Minoan Civilization Cont… • 2 possible causes of Collapse – Tidal wave from volcanic eruption on Thera – Invasion of mainland Greeks : Mycenaeans The First Greek State: Mycenae • Thrived between 1600 and 1100 BC • Made up of an alliance of powerful monarchies • Warrior culture • Most famous adventure comes to us in the poetry of Homer • War, earthquakes, and invaders caused their collapse Discussion Question • What values do you think are important to a warrior culture? The Greeks in a Dark Age • Dark Age 1100 to 750 BC • Few records exsist • Population declines food production falls • Many Greeks immigrated to Ionia • Iron replaced bronze • Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet Homer The Real Homer Homer Cont… • Wrote epic poems (long poem that tells of a great hero’s deeds.) • Wrote: – Iliad – tale about the destruction caused by Greek hero Achilles. – Odyssey – tells of Greek hero Odysseus’ tenyear return to his home and family Homer Cont… • Poems gave Greeks an Ideal past and set of values • Basic values – courage and honor • Arete – excellence won in a struggle or contest THE GREEK CITY-STATES SECTION 2 CENTER OF GREEK LIFE • The polis (city-state) is the center of greek life. • Acropolis – fortified place of refuge & sometimes place of worship at top of hill. • Agora – place where people assembled & was market (below acropolis). GREEK LIFE CONTINUED… • The polis shared a common identity and common goals. • One famous Greek philosopher, Aristotle, believed all citizens were responsible to the state. • City-states distrusted one another, and this divided Greece. MILITARY SYSTEM DEVELOPS • In 700 B.C. a new military system emerged that was based on hoplites (heavily armed foot soldiers). • The strength of the army was based on the phalanx (rectangular shoulder to shoulder formation.) GREEK COLONIES • Greeks set up new colonies along the Black Sea. • This spread their culture and political ideas throughout the Mediterranean. • Increase of trade created wealthy individuals who desired more power. TYRANNY IN THE CITY-STATES • Tyrants were rulers who seized power by force from the aristocrats. • It ended the aristocracy’s rule. • It led to the development of democracy (rule by the people), and oligarchy (rule by a few). • Most famous and powerful city-states: – Sparta – Athens SPARTA • Conquered neighbors to gain more land. • The captured people became known as helots, and were made to work for the Spartans. • The Spartans set up a military state SPARTA CONTINUED… • Spartan men were raised to be military warriors. • Women had great freedom, and were to remain healthy and fit so that they could bear and raise healthy children. • The government was an oligarchy headed by 2 kings. • Ephors – responsible for education of youth and conduct of all citizens – Group of 5 men. ATHENS • The Athenians went through a series of tyrants that tried to fix Athens problems. – Solon – Pisistratus – Cleisthenes • Eventually the Athenian democracy that we know today was formed • Known for their intellect Classical Greece Section 3 Classical Greece • This is the name given to the period of Greek history from around 500B.C. to the Conquest of Greece by the Macedonian King Philip II in 338B.C. • This period is marked by a brilliant culture but disastrous wars among the Greeks. The Challenge of Persia • The Ionian Greek cities in western Asia Minor, had fallen to the Persians. The Legend of Marathon • In 490 BC Persians land near Marathon and attack an outnumbered Athenian army. • The Athenians defeats the Persian decisively. • Aries the God of War Pheidippides • The runner Pheidippides brings news to Athens. • He ran 26 miles from Marathon to Athens. • With his last breath he cried, “Victory, we win!” He then dropped dead. Challenge of Persia Cont… • After Marathon, Xerxes, Persian ruler, vows to get revenge. • Sends 180,000 troops and thousands of warships to Greece. • A Greek force of 7000, including 300 Spartans, hold off the Persians for 2 days at Thermopylae until they are betrayed. Challenge of Persia Cont… • In 479 BC the Greeks form the largest army ever and defeat the Persians at Plataea. The Growth of the Athenian Empire • In order to battle the Persians, the Greek CityStates formed an alliance known as the Delian League. • Headquarters was on Delos. • The league’s officials, treasury, and navy were Athenian. • By controlling the Delian League, Athens had created an empire. The Age of Pericles • Pericles was a dominant figure in Athenian politics between 461 B.C. And 429 B.C. • 3 Major Accomplishments of Pericles: – Direct Democracy – Ostracism – Rebuilding of Athens Age of Pericles Cont… • Direct Democracy – People participate directly in government decisions through mass meetings. • Wealth did not matter! • Athenians practiced Ostracism – protect society by banning over ambitious people considered harmful to the city. The Parthenon The Great Peloponnesian War • After the Persians were defeated Greece split up into two different camps: • Athenian Empire • Sparta • A series of Disputes led to the Great Peloponnesian War in 431 BC Spartan Strategy • Sparta and its allies surrounded the city of Athens. They hoped to draw the Athenian army out to fight in open field beyond their walls. • Pericles, knew the Spartans were superior warriors and felt Athens could wait it out behind their walls. ATHENIAN STRATEGY • Athens planned to remain behind the city’s walls and hoped to receive supplies from colonies and the navy. • Athens stayed put. The Great Peloponnesian War Cont… • By the second year of the siege, the plague struck Athens. Over one third of the population died including Pericles. • Even with these severe losses, Athens would hold on for another 25 years. The Great Peloponnesian War cont… • The Athenian Navy will face a crushing defeat in 405 B.C. • Within a year Athens will surrender and its walls torn down. • The Great Peloponnesian War will be over. Effects of the War • 1. The Great Peloponnesian War weakened the all of the major Greek CityStates. • 2. During the next 66 years, the Greeks continued their petty fighting. • 3. The Greeks would over look the growing strength of Macedonia. Religion and Philosophy SECTION 4 Greek Religion • Religion affected every aspect of Greek life. • Greeks considered religion necessary to the well-being of the state. • The Twelve Greek Gods and Goddesses were thought to live on Mount Olympus Greek Religion Cont… • Greek religious rituals involved prayers often combined with gifts to the gods based on the principle “I give so that you [the gods] will give [in return].” • Greeks used the oracles to learn the will of the gods. GREEK PHILOSOPHY • Philosophy refers to an organized system of thought. • The term comes from a Greek word that means “love of wisdom.” SOPHISTS • Argued that it was simply beyond the reach of the human mind to understand the universe. • It was more important for individuals to improve themselves. SOCRATES • Was a critic of the sophists who taught many pupils • Believed the goal of education was only to improve the individual • Socratic Method – Uses a question answer format to lead pupils to see things for themselves by using their own reason • Believed all real knowledge already exists within each person Plato • Student of Socrates • Was fascinated with the question, “How do we know what is real?” • Wrote THE REPUBLIC • Believed that there were three classes of people: – Philosopher-Kings – Warriors – The Masses Started a school in Athens know as the Academy ARISTOTLE • Studied at Plato’s Academy for 20 years • Analyzed and classified things based on observation and investigation • Until the 17th century, science of the western world was based on his ideas • He favored constitutional government as the best form for most people THE WRITING OF HISTORY • Herodotus was the western worlds first real historian. • Wrote History of the Persian Wars • Thucydides was the greatest historian of the ancient world • He saw war and politics as purely human activities rather than acts of the gods. Alexander the Great and Hellenism SECTION 5 THE THREAT OF MACEDONIA • In 359 BC Philip II came to the throne and turned Macedonia into the chief power of the Greek world. • He dreamed of uniting all of Greece under Macedonia • Because of the powerful army he created, Philip II crushed the Greeks in 338 BC. MACEDONIA CONT… • After gaining control of Greece, Philip II was assassinated before he could undertake his task of invading Asia. • The task was left to his son…… ALEXANDER THE GREAT • Prepared for kingship by his father, Alexander took the throne at the age of 20. • He moved quickly to invade the Persian Empire. • He was motivated by the desire for glory and empire, but also to avenge the Persian burning of Athens in 480 BC ALEXANDER’S CONQUEST • Never content, Alexander conquered many lands, greatly increasing the size of Greece. • After reaching India, his soldiers refused to go any farther, so he turned back and headed home. • In June 323 BC, Alexander died at the age of 32 from wounds, fever, and too much alcohol. LEGACY OF ALEXANDER • He was a reckless fighter who tried to model his life after Achilles. • Because of his conquests, Greek language, architecture, literature, and art spread throughout Southwest Asia and the Near East. • The Greeks also absorbed aspects of Eastern culture. HELLENISTIC KINGDOM • Hellenistic means “to imitate the Greeks.” • Alexander created a series of new cities and military settlements. • Alexandria, Egypt was the largest city in the Mediterranean region by the first century BC