Download Ch21A - MDC Faculty Home Pages

1
Chapter 21 A Class Notes BSC 2086 Fall 2010
_______________________ is Resistance to Disease. The Immune system has two Intrinsic systems:
______________or Nonspecific Defense system, and __________________ or Specific Defense system.
Innate Defense system has two lines of defense. First line of defense is
_____________________________________________. Second line of defense uses
__________________________________, __________________________, and other cells. These
____________________ the spread of __________________________.
________________________________ is the most important mechanism of Innate Defense.
______________________ defense system is the third line of defense that attacks
_________________________________________ substances. It takes __________________ to react than the
innate system Innate and adaptive defenses are deeply intertwined as they often use the
_______________________________ signals.
2
(Slide #9) ______________________ defenses are necessary if microorganisms invade deeper tissues, and
these include: ____________________that eat invader, and ________________________________ that lyse
and kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells before the immune system is activated – are
“_____________________________” of the defense system.
Inflammatory response is triggered by _________________, ___________________, ____________________,
_____________________: it activates __________________________, __________________________,
___________________________, _____________________________. Antimicrobial proteins such as
__________________________ and ____________________________ are released.
___________________ may be triggered, which helps kill invaders.
_____________________ develop from ______________________ to become the chief
_________________________ cells. Describe 2 types of macrophages and give examples of where they live.
_____________________ become phagocytic when encountering infectious material in tissues.
Step 1 of Phagocytosis: _________________________ of Phagocyte to the Pathogen is facilitated
by_________________________________ (means “to make tasty”). __________________________ is done
by coating the pathogen with ____________________ proteins or__________________________. This
coating allows the Phagocyte to ___________________ onto the pathogen and attack
3
_______________________________ are “Pit bulls” of the defense system, and are large Granular
Lymphocytes that target any cell that __________________________________________________ (“self”)
cell-surface receptors. NK Cells _____________________________ in __________________cells and
__________________________ cells, and secrete potent chemicals that enhance the
______________________________ response.
The __________________________________________ is triggered whenever body tissues are injured or
infected. It prevents the spread of damaging agents, disposes of cell debris and pathogens, and
________________________________________.
What are the 5 signs of acute inflammation?
Macrophages and epithelial cells of boundary tissues (e.g., skin) have _____________________________
or TLRs that recognize specific classes of infecting __________________________________.
Activated
TLRs trigger the release of chemicals called _________________________ that promote
__________________________________.
(Slide #21) Please name 6 inflammatory mediators:
Please name 5 things that release inflammatory mediators:
(Slides #26 -27) What are the 4 steps of Phagocyte Mobilization?
(Slide #33). What are 2 Antimicrobial Proteins?
_________________________ may secrete ___________________________ which are signals that enter
neighboring cells and _________________________________. Neighboring cells then produce
______________________
proteins that block _____________________________________ in their own
cells.
Please label the Figure (next page) showing mechanism of Interferon:
_____________________________ produce gamma (), or immune interferon that protects against viruses
(Slide #41).
Name 3 main functions of Interferons (Slide # 42):
4
Genetically engineered Interferons are Antiviral agents against _______________ and
______________________________________ (that later develops into cancer), and are used in
_______________________________________ treatment (Slide # 42).
:
The ___________________________________ is ~20 ________________________ that circulate in an
________________________ form that include C1–C9, factors B, D, and P, and regulatory proteins, and is
the___________________________________ for destroying foreign substances.
5
The Complement Kills bacteria and certain other cell types by cell _________________________.
Activated complement ____________________________________,
__________________________________, _________________________________. C3b initiates formation
of a _________________________________________ (MAC) that causes cell lysis by inducing a massive
influx of water. C3b also causes opsonization, and C3a causes inflammation.
What is the function of Pyrogens (Slide #49)?
(Slide #52) Adaptive immune response is ________________________________ to every particular pathogen,
is systemic = ______________________________________________________________________, and has
“________________________________” which means it mounts an even ______________________ defense
against ___________________________________________ pathogens.
(Slide # 53) _________________________ immunity is provided by the antibodies present in the blood and
lymph, and ____________________________ immunity is provided by living cells.
___________________________________ are substances that can mobilize the adaptive defenses and provoke
an immune response.
(Slide #55) What are 2 important functional properties of Antigens?
Haptens are ____________________________ antigens, and they include:
(Slide #60) “Self __________________________” are proteins that help identify the cell as belonging to the
“________________.”
These proteins are _______________________ to each individual, and these proteins
are ______________________ to other people in transfusions or grafts.
_______________________________________________________ (MHC) are unique to each individual.
(Slide #61) MHC proteins display peptides that are most often _____________________________________.
However, in infected cells, MHC proteins display fragments of
________________________________________ , which helps mobilize the immune system.
(Slide #62) Describe features of 3 major cell types of the Adaptive Immune System:
6
(Slide #64-65) When Lymphocytes mature, they have ________________________ = cells can recognize and
bind to a _________________________________________________, and
_______________________________
= unresponsive to “_________________________________.”
After maturing, still ____________________ (= un-exposed & un-programmed) B and T cells are exported to
lymph nodes, spleen, and other lymphoid organs, where if they meet
______________________________________, these cells become activated.
T cells mature in the thymus under negative and positive selection pressures. _________________________
Selection selects T cells capable of binding to _______________________ proteins, and ______________
attack. ___________________________________ prompts apoptosis (suicide) of T cells that bind to
__________________________________ displayed by MHC proteins, and ___________________________.
This ensures ____________________________.
(Slide #70) Lymphocytes make up to a ________________________ different types of antigen receptors that
are coded for by approximately ___________________ genes.
What do Antigen Presenting Cells do, and what are 3 major types?
___________________________________ and ________________________present antigens and activate T
cells. Macrophages mostly remain _______________ in the lymphoid organs. Circulating Dendritic cells
internalize pathogens and _______________________________ to present the antigens to T cells in lymphoid
organs.
(Slide #74) ______________________________ Immunity uses Lymphocytes, Antigen Presenting Cells, and
specific molecules to ______________________ and destroy ____________________ substances. It depends
upon the ability of its cells to recognize _________________________ by binding to them, and to
________________________________ with one another so that the whole system mounts a
_____________________ response.
(Slide #75) In ________________________ Immunity, the antigen challenge is the __________________
encounter between an antigen and a naive immunocompetent lymphocyte. This usually occurs in the
____________________ or ________________________________. If the lymphocyte is a
____________________, the antigen provokes a ________________________ immune response, which means
___________________________ are produced.
(Slide #76) What are the 3 steps of Clonal Selection?
7
Most clone cells become _____________________________ cells that secrete specific antibodies at the rate
of ________________________________ molecules per _______________________, and live for four to five
days (die from overwork?).
Secreted antibodies _________________________ the antigens for _______________________ by cells of the
immune system.
Clone cells that do not become plasma cells become Memory cells that provide
__________________________________________________ and can live for ___________________ in the
body, so the immune system can mount an immediate response to future exposures of the same antigen.
(Slide # 81) Proliferation of B cells and their differentiation into _____________________________ Plasma
cells are the Primary Immune Response. Peak levels of plasma antibody are reached in ___________ days,
antibody levels then _______________________.
(Slide #82) The __________________________ immune response occurs with re-exposure to the
______________ antigen. Sensitized memory cells respond within ________________, an antibody levels
peak in ___________ to ___________________ days at much _________________________ levels.
(Slide #85) Describe 2 types of active humoral immunity:
(Slide #87) Describe Passive humoral immunity:
(Slide #88) What are 2 types of passive humoral immunity?