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Transcript
Ch. 4 Lecture Student Notes Community and Biomes ________________________is the day to day conditions of the earth’s __________________. Some days are cloudy, hot, or snowy. ___________________________ is the average, year after year, conditions of temperature and precipitation. Energy from the sun has a direct affect on climate. 95% of sunlight is reflected by the ozone layer. The ozone layer allows only 5% of the sun’s energy to hit the surface of the earth. p.87 The CO2 in the atmosphere keeps the energy from escaping back into space. Solar energy is turned into __________________ (heat energy) after it hits the surface of the earth. This radiant heat is a good thing. It allows the Earth to stay warm, much like a jacket for you. Humans have added so much extra CO2 to the atmosphere that the Earth is over heating. Since the Earth tilts at 23 ½ o, different parts of earth receive more or less sunlight, which means some places will be warmer or cooler. This uneven heating causes _________________, which causes weather changes. Arctic—cold Tropic—lot’s of sun Equator—direct sun Tropic—lot’s of sun Antarctic—limited sun p. 89 Question 1. 2. 3. ______________________—all living factors that interact with each other. _______________________—nonliving factors that affect living things. Temp, water, nutrients ________________________- where organism lives _______________________—the role an organism plays in the environment and its interactions with other living creatures. A niche includes: Food it eats How it obtains food Which organisms eat which foods Which organism eats it Its physical requirements: shelter, water, mating (lays eggs, nests) Interactions in Communities ________________________: Any necessity of life ________________________—organisms use the same resources such as food, shelter, water, space. Competition can be between the same species or different species. List a specific example of each: 1. 2. Rule: No two species can occupy the exact same niche in the same habitat at the same time. Ex: Both a rabbit and a deer eat the same grasses—competition The rabbit is prey for the cougar and hawk, but the deer is prey for the cougar. The rabbit has up to 40 babies per year, but the deer has only 1-2 per year. The rabbit lives underground. Look on pg. 92 at the warblers. ___________________: one organism feeds on the other ___________________: a close living relationship of two organisms ___________________: both organisms benefit Ex: bees/flowers, termites/protozoa’s, acacia tree/ant ___________________: one benefits, one unaffected Ex: barnacles, bromeliads on trees, tree frog on bromeliad leaves ____________________: One benefits, one is harmed—usually doesn’t kill Ex: tapeworms, athlete’s foot, head lice, flea, ticks, leeches ______________________: Ecosystems are slightly changing, but most remain stable, unless large natural disasters occur or human interaction takes place. This change over time is called ___________________________ _______________________ . _______________________ succession: soil doesn’t exist –volcanic eruptions _____________________ species: first species to populate area, lichen ______________________ succession: replaces the pioneer species to become a mature environment. It can also occur after a fire or flood, but at a much faster rate, since there is already soil. Climate—average temperature and precipitation for a given area. Biomes—there are 11 Look on pages 100 to fill in the plants and animals At times the boundaries between biomes can be crossed, depending on topography. Rainforest Most biologically diverse—more variety of life but fewer numbers. There could be 1,000 different species, but only 1-10 of each species. This is why organisms here become extinct at a faster rate. Hot, ____________, rainy, can get over _________ inches per year—bad __________ Animals: Tropical Dry- less rainfall than a rainforest. Hot, wet, ___________ soil, does have a ______ season, trees can lose leaves. ___________ soil, 25oC, precipitation 300 cm n(150 inches). Animals Plants Locations Savanna Animals Plants Temperate Grassland –worlds most ____________ soils, has all 4 seasons, 12-30 inches of water a year or over 50-100cm per year. Animals Plants Locations Temperate Forest all ______seasons, ________ soil, Average water of 32-37 inches of rain a year. Animals Plants Locations Coniferous Forest 0 to 80 degrees F , up to 12-33 inches of water per year. Mild Summers but still has four seasons. Animals Plants Locations Boreal Forest 12-33 inches of precipitation per year, Poor soil Long cold winters __________mild summers. Also called ________________, two seasons. Animals Plants Locations Tundra- 6-10 inches of rain a year, soil is frozen called ___________________, water evaporates very slowly. Very poor soil Long winters at -40 below barely gets warmer than freezing. Animals Plants Locations Desert- Less than 25 cm or 11 inches of rain a year. __________________temperature changes between day and night. Poor organic material in soil, but rich in minerals. Did you know that the polar ice caps are deserts? Animals Plants Locations Aquatic Ecosystems Standing water-Pond, lake Does have water circulating, lots of plankton, plants Flowing Water—Rivers, streams Little plant life in the middle Wetlands—Covered in water for most of the year, bogs-marshes-swamps Estuaries—where rivers meet the seas; spawning grounds Marine Photic zone-light Aphotic zone-no sunlight Intertidal zone—very warm water, battered by waves, small fish Coastal—seaweed, kelp, coral reefs Chapter 3 and 4 Study for Interdependence of Organisms QUIZ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Abiotic Factor Biodiversity Biogeochemical Biomass Biome Biotic Factor Carnivore Carrying capacity Commensalism 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Competition 11Consumer Decomposer Detritivore Ecology Endangered species Food Chain Food Web Global Warming 19. Herbivore 20. Human activity 21. Limiting factor 22. Mutualism 23. Omnivore 24. Parasitism 25. Predation 26. Primary Succession 27. Producers 28. 29. 30. 31. Secondary Succession Symbiosis Ten percent Trophic Levels 32. Niche 33. Competitive Exclusion Prinicple 1. _______Consumes plants 2. _______Consumes flesh 3. _______Consumes both plants and flesh 4. _______Breaks down small particles of organic matter to reduce chemical compounds (bacteria) 5. _______Feeds on dead plants and animals (crabs, earthworms,) 6. _______Ecological changes that occur over time, after a volcano eruption 7. _______Ecological changes that occur over time, after a fire in a forest 8. _______Struggle to obtain the same resources or mates at the same time. Can be same or different species. 9. _______One organism is harmed, but usually not killed and other benefits 10. _______Both organisms benefit 11. _______One organism benefits and the other is unaffected 12. _______Direct interactive relationship between two organisms 13. _______Number at which the environment can support a particular species 14. _______Causes a population’s growth to decrease 15. _______Main source for environmental change on earth 16. _______Sum total of the variety of organisms in the biosphere 17. _______Organisms at risk of becoming extinct 18. _______Shows steps in a food web and food chain 19. _______Cycles that move resources through the biosphere 20. _______Interaction when one organism captures and feeds on another 21. _______Nonliving components of an ecosystem; 22. _______Living components of an ecosystem 23. _______Organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply 24. _______Capture sunlight to make chemical energy 25. _______Series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten 26. _______Complex feeding relationships 27. _______Particular physical environments containing characteristics of plant and animals 28. _______Interrelationship of plants and animals in their environment 29. _______Result of increased greenhouse gases 30. _______Total living mass in an ecosystem 31. _______Amount of energy transferred to each trophic level 32. _______The role or job an organism plays in an ecosystem. 33. _______No two species can occupy the same niche at the same time in the same environment. One species will die or move out. Answer Key 1. 19_______Consumes plants 2. 7_______Consumes flesh 3. 23_______Consumes both plants and flesh 4. 12_______Breaks down small particles of organic matter to reduce chemical compounds (bacteria) 5. 13_______Feeds on dead plants and animals (crabs, earthworms,) 6. 26_______Ecological changes that occur over time, after a volcano eruption 7. 28_______Ecological changes that occur over time, after a fire in a forest 8. 10_______Struggle to obtain the same resources or mates at the same time. Can be same species or different species. 9. 24_______One organism is harmed, but usually not killed and other benefits 10. 22_______Both organisms benefit 11. 9_______One organism benefits and the other is unaffected 12. 29_______Direct interactive relationship between two organisms 13. 8_______Number at which the environment can support a particular species 14. 21_______Causes a population’s growth to decrease 15. 20_______Main source for environmental change on earth 16. 2_______Sum total of the variety of organisms in the biosphere 17. 15_______Organisms at risk of becoming extinct 18. 31_______Shows steps in a food web and food chain 19. 3_______Cycles that move resources through the biosphere 20. 25_______Interaction when one organism captures and feeds on another 21. 1_______Nonliving components of an ecosystem; 22. 6_______Living components of an ecosystem 23. 11_______Organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply 24. 27_______Capture sunlight to make chemical energy 25. 16_______Series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten 26. 17_______Complex feeding relationships 27. 5_______Particular physical environments containing characteristics of plant and animals 28. 14_______Interrelationship of plants and animals in their environment 29. 18_______Result of increased greenhouse gases 30. 4_______Total living mass in an ecosystem 31. 30____Amount of energy transferred to each trophic level 32. _32____The role or job an organism plays in an ecosystem. _33_33 __No Two species can occupy the same niche at the same time in the same environment. One species will die or move out.