Download Ch 4 Student Lecture

Ch. 4 Lecture Student Notes
Community and Biomes
________________________is the day to day conditions of the earth’s __________________. Some
days are cloudy, hot, or snowy.
___________________________ is the average, year after year, conditions of temperature and
precipitation. Energy from the sun has a direct affect on climate. 95% of sunlight is reflected by the
ozone layer. The ozone layer allows only 5% of the sun’s energy to hit the surface of the earth.
p.87
The CO2 in the atmosphere keeps the energy from escaping back into space. Solar energy is turned
into __________________ (heat energy) after it hits the surface of the earth. This radiant heat is a
good thing. It allows the Earth to stay warm, much like a jacket for you. Humans have added so much
extra CO2 to the atmosphere that the Earth is over heating.
Since the Earth tilts at 23 ½ o, different parts of earth receive more or less sunlight, which means
some places will be warmer or cooler. This uneven heating causes _________________, which
causes weather changes.
Arctic—cold
Tropic—lot’s of sun
Equator—direct sun
Tropic—lot’s of sun
Antarctic—limited sun
p. 89 Question
1.
2.
3.
______________________—all living factors that interact with each other.
_______________________—nonliving factors that affect living things. Temp, water, nutrients
________________________- where organism lives
_______________________—the role an organism plays in the environment and its interactions with
other living creatures.
A niche includes:
Food it eats
How it obtains food
Which organisms eat which foods
Which organism eats it
Its physical requirements: shelter, water, mating (lays eggs, nests)
Interactions in Communities
________________________: Any necessity of life
________________________—organisms use the same resources such as food, shelter, water,
space. Competition can be between the same species or different species.
List a specific example of each:
1.
2.
Rule: No two species can occupy the exact same niche in the same habitat at the same time.
Ex: Both a rabbit and a deer eat the same grasses—competition
The rabbit is prey for the cougar and hawk, but the deer is prey for the cougar. The rabbit has up to
40 babies per year, but the deer has only 1-2 per year. The rabbit lives underground.
Look on pg. 92 at the warblers.
___________________: one organism feeds on the other
___________________: a close living relationship of two organisms
___________________: both organisms benefit
Ex: bees/flowers, termites/protozoa’s, acacia tree/ant
___________________: one benefits, one unaffected
Ex: barnacles, bromeliads on trees, tree frog on bromeliad leaves
____________________: One benefits, one is harmed—usually doesn’t kill
Ex: tapeworms, athlete’s foot, head lice, flea, ticks, leeches
______________________: Ecosystems are slightly changing, but most remain stable, unless large
natural disasters occur or human interaction takes place.
This change over time is called ___________________________
_______________________
.
_______________________ succession: soil doesn’t exist –volcanic eruptions
_____________________ species: first species to populate area, lichen
______________________ succession: replaces the pioneer species to become a mature
environment. It can also occur after a fire or flood, but at a much faster rate, since there is already
soil.
Climate—average temperature and precipitation for a given area.
Biomes—there are 11 Look on pages 100 to fill in the plants and animals
At times the boundaries between biomes can be crossed, depending on topography.
Rainforest
Most biologically diverse—more variety of life but fewer numbers. There could be 1,000
different species, but only 1-10 of each species. This is why organisms here become extinct at a
faster rate.
Hot, ____________, rainy, can get over _________ inches per year—bad __________
Animals:
Tropical Dry- less rainfall than a rainforest. Hot, wet, ___________ soil, does have a
______ season, trees can lose leaves. ___________ soil, 25oC, precipitation 300 cm n(150 inches).
Animals
Plants
Locations
Savanna
Animals
Plants
Temperate Grassland –worlds most ____________ soils, has all 4 seasons, 12-30 inches of
water a year or over 50-100cm per year.
Animals
Plants
Locations
Temperate Forest all ______seasons, ________ soil, Average water of 32-37 inches of rain a
year.
Animals
Plants
Locations
Coniferous Forest 0 to 80 degrees F , up to 12-33 inches of water per year. Mild Summers but
still has four seasons.
Animals
Plants
Locations
Boreal Forest 12-33 inches of precipitation per year, Poor soil Long cold winters __________mild
summers. Also called ________________, two seasons.
Animals
Plants
Locations
Tundra- 6-10 inches of rain a year, soil is frozen called ___________________, water evaporates
very slowly. Very poor soil Long winters at -40 below barely gets warmer than freezing.
Animals
Plants
Locations
Desert- Less than 25 cm or 11 inches of rain a year. __________________temperature changes
between day and night. Poor organic material in soil, but rich in minerals. Did you know that the
polar ice caps are deserts?
Animals
Plants
Locations
Aquatic Ecosystems
Standing water-Pond, lake
Does have water circulating, lots of plankton, plants
Flowing Water—Rivers, streams
Little plant life in the middle
Wetlands—Covered in water for most of the year, bogs-marshes-swamps
Estuaries—where rivers meet the seas; spawning grounds
Marine
Photic zone-light
Aphotic zone-no sunlight
Intertidal zone—very warm water, battered by waves, small fish
Coastal—seaweed, kelp, coral reefs
Chapter 3 and 4 Study for Interdependence of Organisms QUIZ
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Abiotic Factor
Biodiversity
Biogeochemical
Biomass
Biome
Biotic Factor
Carnivore
Carrying capacity
Commensalism
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Competition
11Consumer
Decomposer
Detritivore
Ecology
Endangered species
Food Chain
Food Web
Global Warming
19. Herbivore
20. Human activity
21. Limiting factor
22. Mutualism
23. Omnivore
24. Parasitism
25. Predation
26. Primary Succession
27. Producers
28.
29.
30.
31.
Secondary Succession
Symbiosis
Ten percent
Trophic Levels
32. Niche
33. Competitive Exclusion
Prinicple
1.
_______Consumes plants
2.
_______Consumes flesh
3.
_______Consumes both plants and flesh
4.
_______Breaks down small particles of organic matter to reduce chemical compounds (bacteria)
5.
_______Feeds on dead plants and animals (crabs, earthworms,)
6.
_______Ecological changes that occur over time, after a volcano eruption
7.
_______Ecological changes that occur over time, after a fire in a forest
8.
_______Struggle to obtain the same resources or mates at the same time. Can be same or different species.
9.
_______One organism is harmed, but usually not killed and other benefits
10. _______Both organisms benefit
11. _______One organism benefits and the other is unaffected
12. _______Direct interactive relationship between two organisms
13. _______Number at which the environment can support a particular species
14. _______Causes a population’s growth to decrease
15. _______Main source for environmental change on earth
16. _______Sum total of the variety of organisms in the biosphere
17. _______Organisms at risk of becoming extinct
18. _______Shows steps in a food web and food chain
19. _______Cycles that move resources through the biosphere
20. _______Interaction when one organism captures and feeds on another
21. _______Nonliving components of an ecosystem;
22. _______Living components of an ecosystem
23. _______Organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply
24. _______Capture sunlight to make chemical energy
25. _______Series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten
26. _______Complex feeding relationships
27. _______Particular physical environments containing characteristics of plant and animals
28. _______Interrelationship of plants and animals in their environment
29. _______Result of increased greenhouse gases
30. _______Total living mass in an ecosystem
31. _______Amount of energy transferred to each trophic level
32. _______The role or job an organism plays in an ecosystem.
33. _______No two species can occupy the same niche at the same time in the same environment. One species will die or move
out.
Answer Key
1. 19_______Consumes plants
2. 7_______Consumes flesh
3. 23_______Consumes both plants and flesh
4. 12_______Breaks down small particles of organic matter to reduce chemical compounds (bacteria)
5. 13_______Feeds on dead plants and animals (crabs, earthworms,)
6. 26_______Ecological changes that occur over time, after a volcano eruption
7. 28_______Ecological changes that occur over time, after a fire in a forest
8. 10_______Struggle to obtain the same resources or mates at the same time. Can be same species or
different species.
9. 24_______One organism is harmed, but usually not killed and other benefits
10. 22_______Both organisms benefit
11. 9_______One organism benefits and the other is unaffected
12. 29_______Direct interactive relationship between two organisms
13. 8_______Number at which the environment can support a particular species
14. 21_______Causes a population’s growth to decrease
15. 20_______Main source for environmental change on earth
16. 2_______Sum total of the variety of organisms in the biosphere
17. 15_______Organisms at risk of becoming extinct
18. 31_______Shows steps in a food web and food chain
19. 3_______Cycles that move resources through the biosphere
20. 25_______Interaction when one organism captures and feeds on another
21. 1_______Nonliving components of an ecosystem;
22. 6_______Living components of an ecosystem
23. 11_______Organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply
24. 27_______Capture sunlight to make chemical energy
25. 16_______Series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten
26. 17_______Complex feeding relationships
27. 5_______Particular physical environments containing characteristics of plant and animals
28. 14_______Interrelationship of plants and animals in their environment
29. 18_______Result of increased greenhouse gases
30. 4_______Total living mass in an ecosystem
31. 30____Amount of energy transferred to each trophic level
32. _32____The role or job an organism plays in an ecosystem.
_33_33 __No Two species can occupy the same niche at the same time in the same environment. One
species will die or move out.