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Classroom Notes CHAPTER 18 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS I. WHAT ARE PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS? A. Identifying Psych Disorders – definition of disorder: behavior patterns or mental processes that cause serious personal suffering or interfere with a person’s ability to cope with everyday life. What is normal is subject to interpretation. 1/3 of US citizens will have a psych disorder. B. Symptoms of Disorders – doctors look for maladaptive behavior patterns. 1. Typicality - how far away from “normal” or “typical” the behavior is. 2. Maladaptivity - impairment of an individual’s ability to function adequately in everyday life. Such as behavior that causes misery or distress. Alcohol abuse is one example, threatening to commit suicide or threatening other people are others. 3. Emotional Discomfort – many disorders cause feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, worthlessness, guilt or sadness, or contemplation of suicide. 4. Socially Unacceptable Behavior - behavior that violates society’s norms, this is often hard to determine, see culture-based syndrome, pg 413. II.ANXIETY DISORDERS A. Definition - general state of dread or uneasiness that occurs in response to a perceived danger. Types of disorders are defined in the DSMIV. 1. Phobic Disorder – most common anxiety disorder; refers to a persistent, excessive or irrational fear of a particular object or situation. It must interfere with a person’s normal life. 2. Panic Disorders - characterized by short periods of intense fear or discomfort. People may experience shortness of breath, dizziness, rapid heart rate, shaking, sweating, choking, nausea & other physical symptoms. 3. Generalized Anxiety Disorder - excessive worry about life’s circumstances such as finances, work, relationships, accidents or illness. 4. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder – unwanted thoughts, ideas, or mental images that occur over and over. 5. Stress Disorders - intense feelings of anxiety caused by an experience so traumatic that it cannot be forgotten (PTSD). Ex: rape, child abuse, assault, severe accidents, plane crash, bridge collapse, or war. May last for years. May experience flashbacks, nightmares, numbness of feelings, avoidance (won’t fly on planes), sleep disturbances, irritability or poor concentration. B. Explaining Anxiety Disorders 1. Psychological View – psychoanalysts (Freud) see these as forbidden childhood urges that have been repressed. Sometimes these surface as obsessions or compulsions. Behaviorists believe it is learned behavior or conditioning. Cognitive theory says it is because people become anxious because they believe they have no control over their lives or what happens to them. 2. Biological View - heredity plays an important role in the development, studies show a genetic link. III.DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS A. Definition - separation of certain personality components or mental processes from conscious thought. 1. Amnesia - sudden loss of memory usually following a particularly stressful or traumatic event. Typically can’t remember any events that occurred for a certain period of time. Less common: some forget their names, etc. May last for hours, days, or years. 2. Fugue - amnesia plus suddenly relocating from home and taking on a new identity. (Usually following a traumatic event) 3. Dissociative Identity Disorder - (Multiple Personality) existence of 2 or more personalities within a single individual. Usually caused by severe childhood abuse. 4. Depersonalization Disorder - feeling as though you are outside your body, observing yourself from a distance. The result of a stressful event. B. Explaining Dissociative Disorder – Psychoanalytic Explanation: people dissociate in order to repress unacceptable urges or memories. No valid behavioral or cognitive explanation. IV.SOMATOFORM DISORDERS A. Definition - expression of psychological distress through physical symptoms. 1. Conversion Disorder – a change or loss of physical functioning in a major part of the body for which there is no medical reason. 2. Hypochondriasis – (hypochondria) a person’s unrealistic preoccupation with the fear of serious illness or disease. B. Explaining Somatoform Disorders 1. Psychological View - Psychoanalysts: the expression of repressed feelings. Behaviorists: it serves as a reinforcer if it allows the person to escape anxiety. 2. Biological View - some evidence of genetic factors involved. V.MOOD DISORDERS A. Definition - mood changes that are inappropriate for or inconsistent with the situations to which they are responding. 1. Major Depression – most common of all psychological disorders. (100 million worldwide, perhaps 18% of the population at some time in their life) involves being depressed all or most of the time. When the feelings are out of proportion to the event and continue over long periods of time. 2. Bipolar Disorder – (manic depression) dramatic ups and downs in mood. Pg 423. B. Explaining Mood Disorders 1. Psychological View - psychoanalysts: because they suffered real or imagined loss of an object or person in childhood. Behaviorists: learned helplessness causes depression. Cognitive: some people are prone to depression because of their habitual style of a negative interpretation of life’s events. 2. Biological View - 25% have family member with similar problem. Points to a strong genetic connection. Low levels of serotonin & noradrenalin may be the cause…..drug therapy helps. VI. SCHIZOPHRENIA A. Definition – most serious of all disorders. Loss of contact with reality, may include hallucinations, delusions, and distortion of thought. 1. Paranoid Schizophrenia - delusions and auditory hallucinations all related to a single theme. Delusions of grandeur, persecution or jealousy. 2. Disorganized Schizophrenia - incoherent thought and speech patterns, disorganized behavior, delusions, hallucinations, emotionless or inappropriate emotions. 3. Catatonic Schizophrenia – unusual, awkward or uncomfortable body positions for long periods of time, frozen. B. Explaining Schizophrenia 1. Psychological View - no valid explanation for this disorder 2. Biological View - definite genetic or biological cause. VII. PERSONALITY DISORDERS A. Definitions - patterns of inflexible traits that disrupt social life and distress the individual. Psychological disorders are generally short periods of illness that can be distinguished from usual behavior. Personality disorders are part of an individual’s makeup, influencing virtually all of their behavior and thoughts. 1. Paranoid - distrustful and suspicious of others & interpret others motives as harmful or evil. 2. Schizoid - no interest in relationships with others, withdrawn, lacking normal emotional responses. Loners like the Unibomber. 3. Antisocial - persistent disregard for the rights of others. Show no remorse for their rebellious, harmful behavior. 4. Avoidant – can’t develop relationships for fear of rejection, shy, withdrawn. B. Explaining Personality Disorders 1. Psychological View - Psychoanalysts: due to being rejected or harshly punished as a child. Behaviorists: learned behavior, or proper behavior wasn’t learned. Cognitive: they falsely interpret the intentions and behavior of others 2. Biological View - strong possibility of a genetic cause (crime gene, violence gene)