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Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
SEC 2.3
Carbon Compounds
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
THINK ABOUT IT
In the early 1800s, many chemists called the
compounds created by organisms “organic,”
believing they were different from compounds in
nonliving things.
Today, organic chemistry means the study of
compounds that contain bonds between carbon
atoms, while inorganic chemistry is the study of all
other compounds.
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Carbon Compounds
The Chemistry of Carbon
Carbon atoms have four valence electrons,
allowing them to form strong covalent bonds
with many other elements, including hydrogen,
oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen.
Living organisms are made up of molecules that
consist of carbon and these other elements.
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Carbon Compounds
The Chemistry of Carbon
Carbon atoms can also bond to each other to form
millions large and complex structures.
Carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double, or triple
covalent bonds.
Chains of carbon atoms can even form rings.
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Carbon Compounds
Macromolecules
Many of the organic
compounds in living cells
are macromolecules, or
“giant molecules,” made
from thousands of smaller
molecules.
Polymerization compounds are built by
joining smaller units
together.
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Carbon Compounds
Macromolecules
The smaller units, or
monomers, join together
to form polymers.
The monomers in a
polymer may be identical
or different.
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Carbon Compounds
Macromolecules
Grouped based on their chemical composition
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Types:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
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Carbon Compounds
Carbohydrates
• made up of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen
atoms, usually in a ratio of
1 : 2 : 1.
• main source of energy
(glucose)
• Plants use carbohydrates
for structural purposes
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Carbon Compounds
Carbohydrates
The monomer of carbohydrates is sugar. Ex:
glucose
Sugars combine to form the polymer –
starch.
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Carbon Compounds
Simple Sugars
Single sugar molecules are also
known as monosaccharides.
• glucose
• galactose – milk
• fructose – fruits
Combining two sugars makes a
disaccharide
• Sucrose (table sugar) - glucose
and fructose
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Carbon Compounds
Complex Carbohydrates
The large macromolecules formed from
monosaccharides are known as
polysaccharides.
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Carbon Compounds
Complex Carbohydrates
Many animals store excess sugar in a polysaccharide
called glycogen.
When the level of glucose in your blood runs low,
glycogen is broken down into glucose, which is then
released into the blood.
The glycogen stored in your muscles supplies the
energy for muscle contraction.
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Carbon Compounds
Complex Carbohydrates
Plants use a slightly different polysaccharide,
called starch, to store excess sugar.
Plants also make another important
polysaccharide called cellulose, which gives
plants much of their strength and rigidity.
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Carbon Compounds
Lipids
• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
• Not soluble in water
• monomer - glycerol molecule combined with
fatty acids
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Carbon Compounds
Lipids
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store energy
form cell membranes
waterproof coverings
make up some hormones (estrogen,
testosterone)
• examples: fats, oils, and waxes
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Carbon Compounds
Lipids
saturated fats –contain only single bonds with carbon
ex: butter, margarine
unsaturated fats – contain at least one carbon double
bond
ex: olive oil
polyunsaturated fats – contain more than one carbon
double bond
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Carbon Compounds
Nucleic Acids
• containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and
phosphorus
• Monomers - nucleotides
• function: code for proteins and store genetic
information
• ex: DNA and RNA
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Carbon Compounds
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides consist of:
• 5-carbon sugar
• phosphate group
• nitrogenous base
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Carbon Compounds
Protein
• contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen.
• monomer - amino acids
• functions:
1. controlling the rate of reactions (enzymes)
2. forming cellular structures (muscles)
3. helping to fight disease
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Carbon Compounds
Structure and Function
Amino acid composition
• amino group (NH2)
• carboxyl groups (COOH)
• Functional group that changes for each amino acid
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Carbon Compounds
Protein Structure
• primary structure – amino
acid sequence
• secondary structure – folding
of the chain
• tertiary -3-D structure
• fourth level – relationship
between the different 3D
structures