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WORD-FORMATION - Part 2 Conversion • Using a form of one word class as if it was a member of another one, without changing its form – butter – to butter • Conversion can be total or partial • Words from all word classes are able to undergo conversion – – – – – – N>V: to bottle V>N: a call Adj>N: a regular Adj>V: to better Adv>N: a daily Adv>V: to up (prices) Partial conversion • not all grammatical features of the respective word-class acquired – the young… • Can affect stress (noun and verb differ) – import Compounds • Words consisting of more than one root but representing one thing or concept. • New compounds - transparent • Old ones - lexicalised Compounds - meaning • 1 semantic and 1 grammatical meaning • The second component is the semantic centre and is restricted by the lexical meaning of the first component Compounds – written form • Primary compounds • Derivational (Synthetic) compounds – long-legged Compounds – type of composition • Syntactic compounds • Asyntactic compounds Compounds - stress • Compound nouns – usually main stress at the beginning • The number of compound nouns with 2 stresses is growing – ‘carbon ‘dioxide • Compound adjectives – ,self-em’ployed Combining forms – neo-classical compounds • Bound morphemes, occurring only in compounds and derivatives • Elements of classical languages used in English word-formation – telegraph Back -Formation • We form a new word by deleting a suffix-like element from (analogically with other complex words where both forms exist) – television > to televise – burglar > to burgle • Not very productive way of creating new words but it is still used for creating new words • Most back-formed words are verbs Clipping • A word is shortened by cutting off one or more syllables, but still retains – the same meaning – the same part of speech Blending • Merging parts of words into one new word • Usually the first part of one word and the last part of another Abbreviations and Acronyms • Abbreviations - signs representing words and word-groups of high frequency i.e., etc. • Acronyms – formed from the first letters, usually pronounced as one word – AIDS, NATO, or both ways – VAT, UFO Onomatopoeic words • They seem to sound like their meaning – splash, whip • Animal noises – moo, mew… New coinages, other sources
