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1 ORCHESTRA VOCABULARY SHEET #1 8va - ottava or "at the octave." This indication is most often found above specific notes on a staff and indicates that those notes should be performed one octave higher than written. 8vb - ottava bassa or "at the octave below." This indication is found below specific notes on a staff and indicates that those notes should be performed one octave lower than written. A tempo - return to the original tempo after a deliberate deviation. Accelerando – to go faster Accent – (several different notations) to give a note more emphasis Alla breve Cut time. A tempo marking indicating a quick duple meter with the half note rather than the quarter note getting the beat (2/2 rather than 4/4). Accidental - A mark placed before a note which indicates that the previously understood pitch of the note should be altered by one or two half steps. Andante - A moderate tempo marking between largo and moderato. This tempo typically has between 76 and 108 beats per minute. Arco – to use the bow Cantabile - Singing or performing in a melodious and graceful style, full of expression. Coda The closing few measures of a composition, usually not a part of the main theme groups of the standard form of a composition, but a finishing theme added to the end to give the composition closure. Col legno - Italian term for’ with the wood’. Common time - 4/4 time or C Con gusto – with energy Crescendo – to gradually get louder Dal segno Diminuendo – means repeat from the sign gradually get softer Divisi – divide the notes; the OUTSIDE player takes the top note, the INSIDE player takes the bottom note Dolce - A directive to perform the indicated passage of a composition sweetly, softly, or with tender emotion. Enharmonic - two separate pitch notations stand for the same sound. For example, the enharmonic spelling of F sharp is G flat. Both represent the same pitch frequency. Espressivo –to perform a certain passage with expression Fermata Forte – loud f play until the conductor gives the cutoff and wait for the next downbeat 2 Key signature - The sharp, flat, or natural signs placed at the beginning of a staff indicating the tonality of the composition. Legato – to play smoothly Marcato - to play short Mezzo - In dynamics, it is often used to modify other musical terms as mezzo forte (medium loud or literally half as loud as forte), mezzo piano (medium soft or literally half again louder than piano), Molto – much, very Non troppo - A term meaning not, and used to qualify a directive in the performance of a certain passage of a composition. For example, the term ‘allegro non troppo’ would mean a fast tempo (allegro) but not too fast. Piano – soft p Piu mosso - the indicated passage should have more motion, it should move more quickly. Pizzicato – to pluck the string with the finger Poco a poco – little by little Rallentando (rall) - perform passage with a gradual slowing of the tempo. Ritardando (rit.) – to gradually slow down Sempre – Always Sezura – // to completely stop; wait for the conductor to give the next downbeat Simile - perform the indicated passage of a composition in a similar manner as the previous passage; similarly. Soli – the entire section Solo – only one person Staccato - to play short Subdivision- To break up a larger metrical pattern into smaller parts so that it may be more easily understood. Sul - meaning "at" or "over" or "on the" or "near the". Sul Tasto – "over the fingerboard" Sul Ponticello - "over the bridge” Time signature – A symbol placed at the left side of the staff indicating the meter of the composition. Ex: a time signature of 3/4 would indicate that there are three quarter notes in each measure and the quarter notes receive the main pulse Trill (tr) - alternate fingers playing the written pitch and the note above it. Tutti – A directive to perform a certain passage of a composition with all instruments together; pposite of solo. Volti subito (V.S.) - turn the page of music quickly