Download Chemistry of Life

Chemistry of Life
Chapter 2
Periodic Chart
Periodic Chart Clues
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Family 1-alkali
Family 2- ___________
Family 3- Boron
Family 4- Carbon
Family 5- ________
Family 6- Oxygen
Family 7- Halogen
Family 8- Noble gases
Going across the chart from left to right
+1,+2,+3,+-4,-3,-2,-1
_______-left of zigzag
Nonmetals- right of zigzag
____________-on the zigzag
___________: smallest part of
Compound that still retains
All the properties of that
Compound
Element
Compound
-________ substance
-2 or more substances
-can’t be broken down
___________ combined
- Sulfur
- Water H2O
- _____ naturally occurring elements
- ________of all living things are composed of
O2, C, H2,N2
__________: smallest part of an element that still retains all
the properties of that element
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Protons: positive charge
Found in the ________
1 atomic mass unit
Electrons
Negative charge
Found in _____________________
1/1837th of an amu
Neutrons
______________ charge
Found in the nucleus
1 atomic mass unit
Atomic # and Atomic Mass
• Identifying # of element
• Tells the # of ___________ in a neutral atom
• Tells the # of _______ in a neutral atom
• _________________ Mass of all the neutrons + all the protons in
an atom
Isotopes
• Atoms of the same element with the same number of
protons but a different number of _____________
States of Matter
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Solid- definite volume and shape
Liquid- Definite volume, No definite shape
Gas- No definite volume, No definite shape
Plasma- extreme heat- rare on earth
Chemical Reactions
• __________ are substances that enter chemical reactions.
• ________ are substances produced by chemical reactions.
Ionic Bonds
• Type of bond where electrons are _____________
• Occurs between a metal and a nonmetal
Covalent Bonds
• Bonds where electrons are _____________
• Occur between a nonmetal and a nonmetal
• Electron dot diagrams
Hydrogen Bonds
• A bond between a hydrogen molecule with a ________
positive charge and another atom or molecule with a
partial or __________ negative charge.
Energy
• To do work or cause change
• ____________________________: Energy is not created or
destroyed it only changes forms
• _______________(exothermic)- releasing of energy
• _______________(endothermic)-absorption of energy
• Activation energy: Energy needed to start the reaction
• ____________: something added to an equation to make the
reaction go quicker.
Reduction and Oxidation Reactions
• When e- are transferred between atoms
• Oxidation- reactant _______ 1 or more e-, becomes +.
– Na(loses e-) + Cl -----NaCl
• Reduction- reactant ________ 1 or more electrons becoming –.
– Na + Cl(gains 1 e-) ---NaCl
Polarity
• Oxygen and Hydrogen are bonded together by ________ electrons, but the
Oxygen atom _________the shared electrons closer to it, creating negative
and positive sides of the water molecules. Water has a partial negative charge
due to the extra unshared e- that Oxygen and a partial + charge near the
hydrogen atoms
As a result of polarity…
• Ions and many other substances can ___________ in water
• Water is called the _________________ because it can dissolve so many
different things.
• High heat of ______________
• ________surface tension
• _____________ specific heat
• Nonpolar substances such as oil will not dissolve in water because water
pushes the oil molecules closer together. Hence, clumps of water on surface
of water
COHESION
• An attractive force that holds __________ of a single substance together
• Helps water move _____ the plant roots to leaves
• Related to Surface Tension: Prevents the surface of the water from
__________ or stretching easily
Adhesion
• Attractive force between two particles of __________ substances
ex. Water and glass
• Capillarity- related to cohesion, adhesion causes the ________ of
the liquid up a surface.
Solutions
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Type of mixture: Homogeneous
2 parts: ____________________________
Dilute: more ___________ than solute
Concentrated: more ___________ than solvent
________________: Solvent is water
Water: universal solvent
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Acids and Bases
pH scale 0-14 0-6 acid 7 neutral 8-14 ____________
Acids have a high concentration of the _______________
(H3O)+
Bases have a high concentration of ____________ (OH)An Acid + base = a salt and water
____________________
The carbon compound
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Carbon atoms can readily form __________ covalent
bonds with other atoms including other carbon atoms.
The carbon bonds allow the carbon atoms to form a wide
variety of simple and complex organic compounds.
___________________ join monomers (small simple
molecules) to form polymers.
A condensation reaction releases water as a by-product.
In a __________________, water is used to split polymers
into monomers.
Carbohydrates
Composed of H, C and O
Key source of energy
Carbohydrates are made up of monomers called
__________________.(1)
Ex. Glucose C6H12O6
Two monosaccharides join to form a double sugar called a
_______________________.(2)
A complex sugar, or __________________, is made of
three or more monosaccharides.
Store energy: poly: starch(plants)
____________: poly: (animals)
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Lipids or Fats
Lipids are ____________molecules that store energy and
are an important part of cell membranes.
Not soluble in water
Fats, phospholipids, steroids, plant pigments like
chlorophyll and waxes
Store energy
Typically contain ------------------ bonded to a glycerol
backbone
Fatty acids- are carbons with Hydrogen bonded to them.
Fatty Acids
– Most lipids contain fatty acids, unbranched carbon
molecules that have a ___________ end and a
______________ end.
– ________________consist of three fatty acids and one
molecule of glycerol.
Phospholipids, which make up cell membranes, consist
of two fatty acids and one glycerol molecule.
Waxes
– A ___________ is made of one long fatty acid chain
joined to one long alcohol.
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Steroids
– A __________ is composed of four fused carbon rings.
Examples of fats
Saturated fatty acids like Palmitic acid have 2 Hydrogens
for every Carbon except the end which has 3 and have
single covalent bonds.
Animal fats
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Unsaturated fatty acids have some single Covalent bonds
but have double covalent bonds as well, like Linoleic acid
Plant oils
PROTEINS
• Proteins are organic compounds composed mainly of
carbon, _____________, oxygen, and nitrogen.
• Large molecule built by amino acids
• Amino Acids- There are _________ different proteins
• Proteins have many different functions such as enzymes,
structure, antibodies, hemoglobin(blood flow)
Proteins
Enzymes
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Enzymes
– ____________ speed up chemical reactions and bind to
specific substrates.
– The binding of a substrate with an enzyme causes a
change in the enzyme’s __________ and reduces the
activation energy of the reaction.
Nucleic Acids
• A nucleic acid is a long chain of smaller molecules called
nucleotides
• A nucleotide is made of three parts: SUGAR,
PHOSPHATE, ______________
• Bases: Thymine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine A-T
G-C