Download Biochemistry Worksheet

Biochemistry
Carbon compounds Section 3-1
1. What is an organic compound?
2. Besides carbon, name 3 other elements that make up most organic
compounds.
3. Carbon dioxide, CO2, is NOT an organic compound. Explain why.
4. How many electrons are in the outermost energy level of carbon? How
many does it need to have this energy level filled?
5. How many covalent bonds can carbon form?
6. Name 3 structural shapes that form whenever carbon atoms bond to
other carbon atoms.
7. How many electrons are being shared in a single covalent bond? double
covalent bond? triple covalent bond? quadruple covalent bond?
8. Explain what is meant by a functional group, & tell what effect they have
on the molecules they are attached to.
9. Write the formula for these functional groups (use your textbook) --hydroxyl, carboxyl, phosphate group, and amino group.
10. Hydroxyl groups attached to carbon atoms forms an _____________.
11. Large carbon molecules are built from smaller, simpler molecules called
____________.
12. Large carbon molecules made of monomers are called
_______________.
13. What are large polymers called?
14. What type of reaction links monomers to make polymers?
15. Name the 2 sugars that were combined to form sucrose.
16. Condensation reactions involve the removal of a molecule of
____________.
17. What reaction is used to breakdown polymers? Is water added or
removed? How does this compare to condensation?
18. All life processes require a constant supply of ____________. Name the
molecule used by cells to get energy. Give its abbreviation.
19. ATP contains what 3 functional groups covalently bonded together?
Write the formula for this functional group.
Molecules of Life Section 3-2
20. Name the 4 main classes of macromolecules (organic molecules) & tell
what 3 elements all of these contain.
Carbohydrates store energy for organisms!
21. In what ratio are hydrogen & oxygen atoms in carbohydrates?
22. In what 3 forms do carbohydrates exist?
23. What are the monomers of carbohydrates called? What is their common
name? Give the ratio of carbons, hydrogens, & oxygens.
24. Name the 3 MOST common monosaccharides. How do they compare?
Write the chemical formula for all three.
25. Because all 3 simple sugars have the same chemicalformula, but
different structural formulas, they are called _______________.
26. What are double sugars called? Name & describe the process that
forms them.
27. Name a disaccharide.
28. What forms a polysaccharide? Name a polysaccharide found in animals.
Name 2 found in plants?
29. What chemical reaction formed these large molecules? What reaction
would be needed to break these molecules?
Proteins are used to build cells, & they act as
enzymes!
30. What are the 4 main elements making up proteins? How many covalent
bonds does each of these elements form?
31. What are the monomers of proteins called? How many are there? Name
the 4 things bonded to the center carbon of this monomer.
32. The main difference among amino acids is their ___________ group.
What is the R-group on glycine? on alanine?
33. Differences in R-groups give different proteins different
______________.
34. How does a dipeptide form?
35. What do you call the covalent bonds that hold amino acids together?
36. Long chains of amino acids are called ___________________ and these
join together to make a ________________.
37, What is the effect of temperature on protein shape? Give an example of
this.
38. Most proteins act as catalysts or __________________ inside of
cells.
39. The substance an enzyme is acting upon is called the _____________
and it must ______ into a place called the active site on the enzyme.
40. When a substrate joins with an enzyme, what effect does this have on
chemical bonding of that substrate? Is the enzyme affected temporarily or
permanently? How is it affected?
41. When chemical bonds in a substrate are weakened, what effect does this
have on activation energy needed to start the reaction?
42. After the reaction, what happens to the products? Can the enzyme be
re-used & why?
Lipids include fats that are used for long-term
energy storage!
43. Are lipids polar or non-polar? What happens to lipids when they are
placed in water?
44. Compared to carbohydrates, what is true about the ratio of carbon &
hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms? If a compound has more bonds, what can
it store more of in those bonds?
45. Most lipids are made of ______________ acids. Describe their shape.
What functional group is found on the head end of the molecule?
46. Are both ends of a fatty acid polar? Explain.
47. Hydrophilic means water ___________. Which end of a fatty acid is
hydrophilic? The non-polar end of a fatty acid is said to be
_______________ or "water fearing".
48. Which end of a fatty acid chain WOULD dissolve in water? Which
WOULDN'T?
49. In what type of fatty acid are there only single bonds in the carbon
chain? Name one such fatty acid.
50. What type of bond appears in an unsaturated fatty acid? Give an
example of an unsaturated fatty acid.
51. Name the 3 groups of complex lipids.
52. What makes up a triglyceride? What is the difference between a
saturated & unsaturated triglyceride?
53. What type of triglycerides tends to be solids at room temperature &
why? Which are liquids & why?
54. What type of triglyceride would this type of substance be --- vegetable
oil? butter & shortening?
55. What makes up a phospholipid? How are they different from
triglycerides? What main part of a cell is made of phospholipids?
56. What is meant by a lipid bilayer? What makes this such an effective
barrier between the inside & the outside of the cell?
57. Wax is another complex lipid. Describe its structure.
58. Waxes are highly _________________. Explain how plants make use of
this property? Animals?
59. What makes up steroids? To what group of organic compounds do
steroids belong? How are they used in animals?
60. Name a steroid made by the body & used by nerve cells.
Nucleic acids store genetic information for cells!
61. Give the name & abbreviation for 2 nucleic acids found in cells.
62. DNA and RNA are both examples of _____________ made of linked
monomers called ________________. The instructions in these molecules
are used to make ____________.
63. Name the 3 parts to a nucleotide.