Download Biology Spring Semester Final Review Guide 2011

Name: ____Key_________________________________
Date: ________ Period: ___
Biology Spring Semester Final Review Guide 2015
**This is due, completed, on block day. It is worth 55 points.**
Helpful Information:
1. Test is about 75 multiple choice questions. Be ready with pencil on the day of the test.
2. Topics that will be covered: History of Life (chapter 12), The theory of evolution (chapter 13), Photosynthesis
and Cellular Respiration (chapter 5), Populations (chapter 15), Ecosystems (chapter 16), Biologic Communities
(chapter 17), Classification (Chapter 14), Kingdoms (chapter 19), Viruses and Bacteria (chapter 20), Protists
(chapter 21), Fungi (chapter 22), Plants (chapters 22, 23, 25, 26), Animals (chapter 27)
3. Study ALL lab book pages and review ALL handouts/labs!
4. You will be allowed to have one index card for use on your final exam. It must be no larger than a 4”x6” index
card. It can have writing on both sides. Information on the card must be hand written and cannot be typed. It will
be collected at the end of the exam.
5. Recommended vocabulary is below. You DO NOT need to define all vocabulary words as part of this assignment.
Scientific Method
Qualitative
Quantitative
Inference
Observation
Hypothesis
Prediction
Biology
Metabolism
Homeostasis
Heredity
Mutation
History of Life
adaptation
arthropod
extinction
fossil
gradualism
half-life
mass extinction
microsphere
natural selection
population
punctual equilibrium
radio isotope
radiometric dating
reproductive isolation
vertebrate
Evolution
archaebacteria
continental drift
cyanobacteria
divergence
endosymbiosis
eubacteria
homologous structure
mutualism
mycorrhizae
paleontologist
protist
speciation
subspecies
vestigial structure
Photo and CR
Anaerobic respiration
Cellular respiration
Fermentation
Glycolysis
Lactic acid fermentation
ATP
ADP
Krebs cycle
Aerobic respiration
Election transport
Mitochondria
Biochemical pathway
Carotenoid
Chlorophyll
Light reaction
Photosynthesis
Pigment
Stroma
Populations, Ecosystems
and Communities
Ecology
Community
Habitat
Ecosystem
Population
Producer
Consumer
Trophic level
Food chain
Food web
Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores
Decomposer
Primary productivity
Biomass
Evaporation
Transpiration
Ground water
Respiration
Combustion
Erosion
Fossil fuel
Nitrogen fixation
Classification
Binomial nomenclature
Genus
Family
Order
Class
Phylum
Kingdom
Domain
Kingdoms
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Protest
Hypha
Invertebrate
Vertebrate
Viruses and Bacteria
Virus
Pathogen
Capsid
Envelope
Glycoprotein
Bacteriophage
Lytic
Lysogenic
Bacillus
Coccus
Spirillum
Capsule
Antibiotic
Conjugation
Protists
Algae
Flagellates
Molds
Sporozoans
Fungi
Hyphae
Mycelium
Zygomycetes
Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes
Septa
Lichen
Plants
Stoma
Guard cell
Seed
Embryo
Flower
Phloem
Xylem
Root
Monocot
Dicot
Pollination
Cotyledon
Sepal
Stamen
Anther
Pistil
Ovary
Filament
Stigma
Style
Animals
Asymmetrical
Radial symmetry
Bilateral symmetry
Dorsal
Ventral
Anterior
posterior
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Name: ____Key_________________________________
Date: ________ Period: ___
1. What is the definition of the Theory of Evolution?
a. The theory that all living things descended from a common ancestor.
2. The finches Darwin studied differed in the shape of their beaks. What did Darwin infer from this
observation?
a. They adapted to fit their environment, they came from a common ancestor.
3. According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, which individuals tend to survive?
a. The organisms with traits that are better suited to the environment will survive.
4. What is Lamark’s theory of evolution?
a. Traits are passed on based on use and disuse. Ex. Muscle men
5. If fruit fly wings were clipped short what would their offspring look like according to Lamark?
a. Offspring would have short wings
6. Why are modern day insecticides and antibacterial products no longer working? (hint think about the lab
we did)
a. Insects and bacteria are becoming resistant to the modern day products
7. Natural resources on Earth are limited, therefore what must organisms do to survive?
a. Compete for resources
8. What are the 4 tenets of natural selection? Why is each one necessary?
a. Genetic Variation: Variety of traits exist. These variations are called alleles. Example: blue eyes,
brown eyes.
b. Overproduction of offspring: Organisms produce more offspring than can survive
c. Struggle for existence (Survival of the fittest): Organisms compete over resources to survive and
reproduce. Organisms best suit for environment survive to pass on genes.
d. Differential survival & reproduction: over time, traits of successful reproducers become more
common
9. What are homologous structures?
a. Structures that look similar but have different functions (ex. Human arm and bat wing)
10. What are vestigial structures?
a. Structures that were once used by an ancestor but are no longer needed in modern organisms. Ex.
Leg bones in dolphins and tailbones in humans
11. What do similar genetic sequences between different species suggest?
a. That they had a common ancestor
12. What is an embryological comparison?
a. young embryos look similar
13. What is acclimation?
a. Over the course of one life time, organisms change to suit their environment.
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Name: ____Key_________________________________
Date: ________ Period: ___
14. What is adaptation?
a. Over generations populations change to suit their environment.
15. What is the difference between acclimation and adaptation?
a. Adaptation develops over thousands of years.
16. What is divergence in relation to evolution?
a. When a population becomes separated by the environment and becomes 2 new populations with
differing genetics.
17.
In the above diagram what are the pictures of shells called?
fossils
In the above diagram, which organisms are the simplest? Which are the most complex?
Simple- A and 1
Complex- D and 4
In the above diagram, which layer is the oldest? Which is the youngest?
Oldest- A and 1
Youngest- D and 4
18. What is a cladogram?
a. Diagram showing the shared anatomical features of organisms
Rhesus Monkey
Cladogram
Snapping
Turtle
Kangaroo
Bullfrog
Placenta
Tuna
Human
Foramen magnum
forward + short canine
teeth
Mammary glands
Lamprey
Amnion
Paired legs
Paired appendage + spinal column
Dorsal Nerve cord + notochord
19. What information can you learn from a cladogram?
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Name: ____Key_________________________________
Date: ________ Period: ___
a. What characteristics organisms have in common.
Based on the cladogram, what do the Snapping Turtle and Monkey have in common?
Amnion, paired legs, paired appendages
Based on the cladogram, which organisms have mammary glands?
Kangaroo, monkey, and human
20. What is the process where plants capture sun energy and make complex molecules?
a. Photosynthesis
21. Why is chlorophyll green?
a. It absorbs all colors of light except green. Green is reflected
22. What is the equation for photosynthesis?
a. 6CO2 + 6H20 + light energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2
23. What is the equation for cellular respiration?
a. C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
24. Where does photosynthesis occur?
a. Chloroplast
Rate of photosynthesis
Rate of photosynthesis
Rate of photosynthesis
25. Where does cellular respiration occur?
a. Mitochondria
26.
A
B
Which graph(s) would represent the effect of temperature on photosynthesis?
Graph C
C
Which graph(s) would represent the effect of sunlight on photosynthesis?
Graph A or B
Which graph(s) would represent the effect of carbon dioxide on photosynthesis?
Graph A or B
27. What products of photosynthesis are used in cellular respiration?
a. Oxygen and Glucose
28. Which organisms perform cellular respiration?
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Name: ____Key_________________________________
Date: ________ Period: ___
a. All plants and animals
29. In order for aerobic respiration to happen what molecule must be present?
a. Oxygen
30. Which geochemical cycle is the following diagram representing? Hydrologic (water) cycle
In the above diagram Label the process for each Q, R, S and T.
Q- Precipitation
R- Runoff
S- Evaporation
T- Condensation
31. Which process is the following diagram representing? Carbon Cycle
Which processes will remove carbon from the atmosphere?
Photosynthesis
Which processes will put carbon into the atmosphere?
Respiration, decomposition, combustion
32. What are the processes of the nitrogen cycle?
a. Nitrogen fixation, nitrification, ammonification,
denitrofication, assimilation
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Name: ____Key_________________________________
Date: ________ Period: ___
33. What is the source of ALL energy in a terrestrial ecosystem?
a. Sunlight
34. Which organisms in the food web are producers?
a. The plants
35. Which organisms in the food web are primary consumers?
a. Grasshopper, squirrel, mouse, rabbit
36. Which organisms in the food web are secondary consumers?
a. Mouse, frog, fox, snake
37. Which best describes what happens to the nutrients in an organism’s body when it dies?
a. They are broken down by decomposers
38. Write an example of a simple food chain.
a. Sun  Plants  bugs  birds
39. How much energy is transferred from one trophic
level to the next? 10%
40. Why are plants the first trophic level?
a. Because they produce their own food. They are autotrophic.
41. Frogs rely on grasshoppers as a food source. Grasshoppers eat plants. What would happen to the frogs if
the grasshoppers plant source was killed off? Sketch a food chain of this situation and describe the
effects of the situation.
a. Plants  grasshoppers  frogs
b. If the plants were killed off, grasshoppers would die and the frogs would die
42. What is carrying capacity?
a. The number of organisms that can be supported in an environment, based on the available
resources (food and water)
43. What would happen to a population if it exceeded (went over) carrying capacity? Explain.
a. The population would go down or die because of the lack of resources (food and water)
44. Describe two ways a population can increase in size.
a. Birth rate goes up, death rate goes down
b. Immigration goes up, emigration goes down
45. Describe two ways a population can decrease in size
a. Birth rate goes down, death rate goes up
b. Immigration goes down, emigration goes up
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Name: ____Key_________________________________
Date: ________ Period: ___
46. Place the following in order of ecological organization:
organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
Kenya
U.S.A
Germany
Use the graph provided to answer the following 3 questions:
47. Explain what the graph is representing. Male and female populations in Kenya, USA and Germany
48. In 40 years in Germany, what profession will be in high demand? How do you know?
a. Nursing home care.
b. There is a large amount of middle aged people who will be 70 years old in 40 yrs.
49. Which country will the population expect to increase drastically in the future?
a. Kenya
Use the following image to the right to answer the next question:
50. Explain the role of the following organisms
in this food web. Explain the prey and predators
for each and also whether they are producers or
level of consumer.
a. Penguin- predator of krill, prey of killer whale
b. consumer
c. Seal- predator of cod and squid, prey of killer whale
d. consumer
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Name: ____Key_________________________________
Date: ________ Period: ___
51. What is the original source of energy in this web?
a. Sunlight
52. What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph? Provide an example of an organism for
each.
a. Autotroph- produces its own food (plants)
b. Heterotroph- gets food by consuming (animals)
53. Explain the following type of relationships:
a. Commensalism: relationship where one organism benefits and the other is not harmed or
benefited
b. Mutualism: relationship where both organisms benefit
c. Parasitism: relationship where one organism benefits and the other is harmed
Classification
54. Name TWO differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
a. Prokaryotes DO NOT have membrane organelles
b. Prokaryotes are ALL single celled
55. Label the following either a prokaryote or eukaryote:
a. Bacteria- prokaryote
Fungi- eukaryote
b. Archae - prokaryote
Protists- eukaryote
c. Plants- eukaryote
56. Who came up with binomial nomenclature?
a. Carl Linneaus
Animals- eukaryote
57. What is binomial nomenclature?
a. Classification of organisms
58. Place the following classification categories in order from most broad to most specific
order, genus, class, kingdom, phylum, species, family
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Remember King Phillip came over for great soup!
59. Label the following shapes of bacteria:
a. Cocci
Bacillus
spirilli
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Name: ____Key_________________________________
Date: ________ Period: ___
Use the image for the next 2 questions.
60. Explain how the structures help each of the above organisms move.
i. Organism A- pseudopoda
ii. Organism B- cilia
iii. Organism C- flagella
61. Which of the above organisms is a(n):
iv. Paramecium- organism B
v. Amoeba- organism A
62. The protists “Euglenids” are green in color. What conclusions can you draw about this organism’s
process of meeting its energy needs?
a. They can photosynthesize
63. How do fungi gain energy? What structures do they have to help them do so?
a. They break down food with enzymes using hyphae and absorb it
64. Why are fungi crucial to an ecosystem?
a. They are decomposers
65. Provided the following descriptions, identify the kingdom you would find these organisms.
B. unicellular, autotrophic, and has a nucleus - protist
C. unicellular, autotrophic, lacking a nucleus – bacteria
D. multi-cellular, heterotrophic, nucleus- fungus
E. unicellular, no nucleus, flagella- bacteria
F. unicellular, nucleus, flagella- protist
66. Identify the cycle this virus is undergoing. 
Lytic cycle
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Name: ____Key_________________________________
Date: ________ Period: ___
67. How is the lysogenic cycle different from the lytic cycle?
The virus can lay dormant for years
68. What does “invertebrate” mean?
a. No backbone
69. Explain the difference between radial symmetry and bilateral symmetry. SKETCH an image of
organism for each type.
a. Radial symmetry radiates from a central source, bilateral symmetry is the same on both sides.
b.
70. What phylum are each of the following organisms found:
a. Segmented worms- annelida
b. Fish- chordata
c. Squid/Octopus- Mollusca
d. Frogs- Chordata
71. What type of organisms have an open circulatory system?
a. Molluska (squid, clam), insecta (grasshopper), arthropod (crayfish)
72. What type of organisms have an closed circulatory system?
a. Chordata (frog and fish), annelida (worm)
73. Identify the phylums with the following characteristics:
a. invertebrate, bilateral symmetry, mantle, 3 hearts- Mollusca
b. vertebrate, gills, 2-chambered heart, bilateral symmetry- chordata
c. invertebrate, bilateral symmetry, septa- annelida
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Name: ____Key_________________________________
Date: ________ Period: ___
d. vertebrate, lungs, 3-chambered heart - Chordata
74. Circle THE characteristic that ALL animals have in common
a. bilateral symmetry
autotrophic
diploid cells no backbone
Plants/Flowers
75. What structures transport water within a plant?
a. xylem
76. What structures transport nutrients within a plant?
a. phloem
77. What characteristics differ between monocots and dicots? Fill in the table below:
a. Monocots
Parallel veins
Single cotyledon
Vascular bundles random
Dicots
branching veins
double cotyledon
vascular bundles in a circle
78. What is the difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination?
a. Self- pollination can occur in the same flower
b. Cross- pollination needs two flowers
79. Identify the structures of the flower:
a. a- petal
b. b- sepal
c. c- stigma
d. d- style
e. e- ovules
f. f- anther
g. g- filiment
80. Describe the purpose of the following structures:
a. Anther- produces pollen
b. Stigma- catches pollen
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Name: ____Key_________________________________
Date: ________ Period: ___
c. Petals- attracts pollinators
d. Sepals- protects the flower
81. What needs to happen for fertilization to take place once a flower receives the pollen?
a. Pollen falls on the stigma. It is carried down the style through the pollen tube. It enters the ovary
and fertilizes the ovule.
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