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Enas I. Al-Musallam 1 King Saud University College of applied studies & community service English translation section Grammar 3 Level Three Teacher: Enas Al.Musallam Student's Name: ......................................................... First semester 1429/30. Enas I. Al-Musallam 2 Dear students, This is only a summary of chapter 1. Please do extra exercises in the book to practice the rules. If you have any questions, please don’t hesitate to ask me during my office hours at my office. You can also contact me by e-mail ([email protected] ). Chapter One: Verb Tenses and Model Auxiliaries I. Sentences A sentence consists of at least one subject and verb. Sentence= Subject + Predicate Verb + (object or complement) II. Phrases Versus clauses Phrase A phrase is a group of words which does not contain a subject or a verb. (It may, however, contain a verbal form such as an infinitive, a participle, or a gerund.) Example: Noun phrase: the silly old man. Verb phrase: have been repaired Prepositional phrase: in the country Clause A clause is a group of words containing at least a subject and a verb. There are two kinds of clauses: independent and dependent. Example: Dependent cl.: She married him because he looked just like her father. Independent cl.: She married him because he looked just like her father. III. Parts of speech Parts of speech are the basic types of words that English has. Most grammar books say that there are eight parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions and interjections. We will add one more type: articles. It is important to be able to recognize and identify the different types of words in English, so that you can understand grammar explanations and use the right word form in the right place. Here is a brief explanation of what the parts of speech are: 1. Noun: A noun is a naming word. It names a person, place, thing, idea, living creature, quality, or action. Examples: cowboy, theatre, box, thought, tree, kindness, arrival. 2. Verb: A verb is a word which describes an action (doing something) or a state (being something). Examples: walk, talk, think, believe, live, like, want 3. Adjective: An adjective is a word that describes a noun. Examples: big, yellow, thin, amazing, beautiful, quick, important Enas I. Al-Musallam 3 4. Adverb: An adverb is a word which usually describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. It tells you how something is done. It may also tell you when or where something happened. Examples: slowly, intelligently, well, yesterday, tomorrow, here, everywhere, very 5. Pronoun: A pronoun is used instead of a noun, to avoid repeating the noun. Examples: I, you, he, she, it, we, they 6. Conjunction: A conjunction joins two words, phrases, clauses or sentences together. Examples: but, so, and, because, or 7. Preposition: A preposition usually comes before a noun, pronoun or noun phrase. It joins them to some other part of the sentence. Examples: on, in, by, with, under, through, at 8. Interjection: An interjection is an unusual kind of word, because it often stands alone. Interjections are words which express emotion or surprise, and they are usually followed by exclamation marks. Examples: Ouch!, Hello!!, Oh no!, Ha!, Wow! 9. Articles: An article is used to introduce a noun. English has three articles, which are the, a, an. IV. Verbs: Verbs can be transitive or intransitive: Intransitive verbs They are not followed by objects. Example: I usually sleep well. Birds fly. Transitive verbs ►They must have an object. It is incomplete without one. Example: You surprised me. The student needs a pen. ►Some transitive verbs can be followed by two objects (direct & indirect). Direct objects answer the questions whom or what? Indirect objects answer the questions to/for whom or what? Example: I sent you the form IO DO She bought Sara some flowers. IO DO Linking verbs ►They are followed by complements– information that describes the subject. ►Common linking verbs include: feel, look, smell, sound, taste, appear, seem, become. Example: The food tastes delicious. The soup smells good. The weather became cold. She is a doctor. Exercise 1: Directions: Identify the subjects (s), verbs (specify whether they are transitive VT, intransitive VI, or linking verbs LV), objects (specify direct DI& indirect IO), and complements (C) in the following sentences. S VT O 1. My friend enjoyed the party. 2. I owe my sister a lot of money. Enas I. Al-Musallam 4 3. Whales have no sense of smell and poor eyesight. 4. Their senses of touch and hearing are highly developed. They use sound to locate objects. 5. Those boxes contain old photographs. 6. What Alex needs is a new job. 7. The waiter cleared the dirty dishes from our table. 8. He threw me the ball. 9. I felt a complete idiot. 10. I could not hear what he said. Exercise 2: Directions: Identify the parts of speech of each underlined word. The first English settlers who landed at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607 soon realized that they needed rules and leaders. At first, the settlers searched for gold, and had to find their own food and provide their own shelter. As food supplies began to run low, and as the colonists faced hunger and disease, they saw that they needed to work together if the colony was to survive. The colonists formed a council to make laws for the colony. They chose Captain John Smith as president of the council to see that the laws were carried out. This government at Jamestown was the first local government in America. Today, local government is still the first and most important government in our lives. It protects our lives, our safety, and our homes, and it helps to keep our environment clean. Local government provides us with schools, libraries, and other important services.