Download Grammar 3 handout 2010

Enas I. Al-Musallam
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King Saud University
College of applied studies & community service
English translation section
Grammar 3
Level Three
Teacher:
Enas Al.Musallam
Student's Name:
.........................................................
First semester
1429/30.
Enas I. Al-Musallam
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Dear students,
This is only a summary of chapter 1. Please do extra exercises in
the book to practice the rules. If you have any questions, please
don’t hesitate to ask me during my office hours at my office. You
can also contact me by e-mail ([email protected] ).
Chapter One: Verb Tenses and Model Auxiliaries
I. Sentences
A sentence consists of at least one subject and verb.
Sentence= Subject + Predicate
Verb + (object or complement)
II. Phrases Versus clauses
Phrase
A phrase is a group of words which
does not contain a subject or a verb. (It
may, however, contain a verbal form
such as an infinitive, a participle, or a
gerund.) Example:
Noun phrase: the silly old man.
Verb phrase: have been repaired
Prepositional phrase: in the country
Clause
A clause is a group of words containing
at least a subject and a verb. There are
two kinds of clauses: independent and
dependent. Example:
Dependent cl.: She married him because he
looked just like her father.
Independent cl.: She married him because
he looked just like her father.
III. Parts of speech
Parts of speech are the basic types of words that English has. Most grammar books
say that there are eight parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs,
pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions and interjections. We will add one more type:
articles.
It is important to be able to recognize and identify the different types of words in
English, so that you can understand grammar explanations and use the right word
form in the right place. Here is a brief explanation of what the parts of speech are:
1. Noun: A noun is a naming word. It names a person, place, thing, idea, living
creature, quality, or action. Examples: cowboy, theatre, box, thought, tree,
kindness, arrival.
2. Verb: A verb is a word which describes an action (doing something) or a state
(being something). Examples: walk, talk, think, believe, live, like, want
3. Adjective: An adjective is a word that describes a noun. Examples: big,
yellow, thin, amazing, beautiful, quick, important
Enas I. Al-Musallam
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4. Adverb: An adverb is a word which usually describes a verb, an adjective, or
another adverb. It tells you how something is done. It may also tell you when
or where something happened. Examples: slowly, intelligently, well,
yesterday, tomorrow, here, everywhere, very
5. Pronoun: A pronoun is used instead of a noun, to avoid repeating the noun.
Examples: I, you, he, she, it, we, they
6. Conjunction: A conjunction joins two words, phrases, clauses or sentences
together. Examples: but, so, and, because, or
7. Preposition: A preposition usually comes before a noun, pronoun or noun
phrase. It joins them to some other part of the sentence. Examples: on, in, by,
with, under, through, at
8. Interjection: An interjection is an unusual kind of word, because it often
stands alone. Interjections are words which express emotion or surprise, and
they are usually followed by exclamation marks. Examples: Ouch!, Hello!!, Oh
no!, Ha!, Wow!
9. Articles: An article is used to introduce a noun. English has three articles,
which are the, a, an.
IV. Verbs:
Verbs can be transitive or intransitive:
Intransitive verbs
They are not followed
by objects.
Example:
I usually sleep well.
Birds fly.
Transitive verbs
►They must have an object.
It is incomplete without one.
Example:
You surprised me.
The student needs a pen.
►Some transitive verbs can
be followed by two objects
(direct & indirect). Direct
objects answer the questions
whom or what? Indirect
objects answer the questions
to/for whom or
what?
Example:
I sent you the form
IO DO
She bought Sara some
flowers.
IO
DO
Linking verbs
►They are followed by
complements–
information that describes
the subject.
►Common linking verbs
include: feel, look, smell,
sound, taste, appear,
seem, become.
Example:
The
food
tastes
delicious.
The soup smells good.
The weather became
cold.
She is a doctor.
Exercise 1:
Directions: Identify the subjects (s), verbs (specify whether they are transitive VT,
intransitive VI, or linking verbs LV), objects (specify direct DI& indirect IO), and
complements (C) in the following sentences.
S
VT
O
1. My friend enjoyed the party.
2. I owe my sister a lot of money.
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3. Whales have no sense of smell and poor eyesight.
4. Their senses of touch and hearing are highly developed. They use sound
to locate objects.
5. Those boxes contain old photographs.
6. What Alex needs is a new job.
7. The waiter cleared the dirty dishes from our table.
8. He threw me the ball.
9. I felt a complete idiot.
10. I could not hear what he said.
Exercise 2:
Directions: Identify the parts of speech of each underlined word.
The first English settlers who landed at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607 soon
realized that they needed rules and leaders. At first, the settlers searched for gold,
and had to find their own food and provide their own shelter. As food supplies
began to run low, and as the colonists faced hunger and disease, they saw that
they needed to work together if the colony was to survive. The colonists formed a
council to make laws for the colony. They chose Captain John Smith as president
of the council to see that the laws were carried out. This government at Jamestown
was the first local government in America.
Today, local government is still the first and most important government in
our lives. It protects our lives, our safety, and our homes, and it helps to keep our
environment clean. Local government provides us with schools, libraries, and
other important services.