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Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation I.Overview of Anatomy and Physiology ____________________= the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another…..large body structures---gross anatomy v.__________________anatomy(too small to be seen w/o a microscope) _______________________study of how body and its parts work or function in nature….many subdivisions,like_______________________ and ______________________________ Relationships between Anatomy and Physiology ---The 2 are always related…Structures determine what functions can take place II. Levels of Structural Organization 1. At the ______________________level atoms combine to make ____________________. 2. At the __________________ level,__________are composed of molecules. 3. At the _______________________, it is made of the same type of cells,functioning together. 4. At the ____________________level,different tissues work together for a common function. 5. At the organ system level different organs work together closely. 6. the highest level is the organism 1 A.Organ System Overview ___________________________________=external covering of the body;waterproofs,cushions and protects:excretes salts and urea in perspiration and helps regulate body ________________.Temp,pressure and pain receptors in the skin alert us at the body surface . __________________________________=consists of bones,cartilage,ligaments and joints.-supports body and provides framework for skeletal muscle-also protects….___________________----formation of blood cells takes place in bone marrow ;also storehouse for minerals _______________________________=Contract or shorten to produce movement of body -skeletal muscles-or w/in organs-cardiac or smooth muscles _______________________________=has brain,spinal cord ,nerves and sensory receptors as control system _____________________________= controls body through hormonal control.Endocrine releases hormones-chemicals-into the blood and they go to a target organ.These glands inc. the pituitary,thyroid,parathyroid,adrenals,thymus,pancreas,pineal,ovaries,and testesWhat is controlled includes growth,reproduction and food used by cells. ________________________________________________includes the heart and blood vessels and blood,transporting oxygen and nutrients,hormones,etc….wbcs-protect Lymphatic System- inc. lymphatic vessels,lymph nodes organs ,such as the spleen and tonsils.The vessels return fluid leaked from the blood back to blood…the nodes help clean the blood and are involved in immunity. 2 ___________________________-Basically a tube running through the body from mouth to anus-inc. mouth,esophagus,stomach,sm. and lg. intestine,and rectum—Break down food and deliver the products to blood so it will go to cells---undigested returns to be eliminated as feces Urinary System-removes nitrogen containing wastes from blood and excretes as urine---maintains body’s water and salt balance—inc. kidneys,ureters,bladder,urethra Reproductive System-to produce offspring-----testes male/ovaries-female Respiratory system-exchanges gaes,keeping blood,hence body supplied w/O2-lungs,trachea…Mediastinum-separates thoracic cavity 3 4 III. Maintaining Life LIFE FUNCTIONS_ A. Maintaining Boundaries-keep inside separate from outside Cells have membranes Body is surrounded by _________________ as well as does the internal organs. 5 B.Movement. –promoted by muscular system- walking,etc….using fingers….and bones provide support o Movement also happens as________________________________are propelled through the organs C.____________________-or Irritability is the ablity to sense changes (stimuli) in environment) and react Nerve cells highly irritable Other parts of your body respond to stimuli D.Digestion-breaking down food into simple molecules to be absorbed into the blood,which goes to your body cells. E.____________________________-refers to all chemical reactions that occur w/in body cells---makes nutrients and oxygen available to the blood and on the cardiovascular system to distribute needed substances throughout the body---regulated greatly by hormones F.Excretion-process of removing wastes from body-removes non-useful substances produced during digestion and metabolism-feces from ___________________digestion leftovers G._________________________-Production of offspring H.__________is an increase in size—cells must be created faster than destroyed SURVIVAL NEEDS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The goal of most body systems is to ___________________________.These fragile _______________________________ include the following: ________________________---body takes in as food and chemical reactions release energy from it using O2.Carb’s are the main energy source…..Proteins provide nutrients and fats build cell structures ,a last source for energy and cushion organs . ________________ is necessary to derive most energy----It is required in Cellular respiration…..it is in 20% of the air we breathe.It is also circulated to blood and cells by respiratory and cardiovascular systems Water-is 60-80 % body weight-most important molecule in the body and is the solvents for secretions and excretions….comes mostly from ingested foods and liquids and lost evaporation from lungs and skin and excretions. ___________________________must remain at around 37 degrees C (98 F).If it is too slow,metabolism stops and too high,proteins break down…..death occurs at either extreme. Atmospheric Pressure-- is the force on the surface of the body by the weight of air---atmospheric pressure----Too high altitudes may have gas exchange too low for metabolism 6 IV. HOMEOSTASIS—body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions(even though outside world changes) The body is DYNAMIC within narrow limits All organ systems involved examples;Nutrient blood levels,heart activity and blood pressure,waste eliminated and body temp. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms: ------3 components --what is regulated is called the variable 1. _______________________sensor that monitors and changes in environment 2. _______________________-Flows to here along afferent pathway-determines appropriate response or reaction. 3. Effector-provides output to stimulus---along efferent pathway----results feed back to influence stimulus----turning off----NEGATIVE or turn on---positive feed back Most body mechanism are negative feed back. V.The Language of Anatomy 7 correct anatomical position 8 9 10 Label all unlabelled terms!!! Directional terms- allow medical personal to describe exactly where one structure is in relationship to another.They include the following: Superior(cranial or cephalic)toward head or upper part Inferior (caudal)away from head or lower part Ventral(anterior)front of body----front of Dorsal(posterior)backof body-back of medial toward or at body midline;inner side lateral away from midline;on the outer side proximal-close to origin of body part or where it is attached distal-farther from origin superficial(external)---toward or at body surface Deep(internal) away from body surface-more internal Regional Terms-Visible body landmarks----see figure 1.5 p.16----label in notes ANTERIOR____ o Abdominal ---anterior trunk below ribs o Acromial----(Point) of shoulder o Antebrachial-forearm o Antecubital-ant. Surface of elbow o Axillary-armpit 11 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Brachial-arm Buccal-cheek Carpal-wrist Cervical --neck region Coxal-hip Crural-leg Deltoid-curve of shoulder formed by lg deltoid muscle Digital—fingers,toes Femoral---thigh Fibular---lateral part of leg Frontal –forehead Inguinal-groin Nasal Oral Orbital-eye Patellar-knee Pubic-genital Sternal- breastbone Tarsal-ankle Thoracic-chest Umbilical-naval POSTERIOR____ Calcaneal-heel Cephalic-head Femoral-thigh Gluteal-buttock Lumbar---back area between ribs and hips Occipital-back of head Olecranal-post. Surface of elbow Popliteal-post. Knee area Sacral-area between hips Scapular---shoulder blades 12 Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1 (cont) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 13 BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS-In anatomy ,students make sections-or cuts---it is made along an imaginary line or __________________________.......being 3-D,we consider 3 types of planes 1. Sagittal section is lengthwise or longitudinally----If the right and left parts are equal it is median or midgsagittal 2. Frontal section is lengthwise into ant. And post. parts----also called coronal 3. a Tranverse Section is cut along a horizontal plane,making superior and inferior parts----also called cross-section 14 BODY CAVITIES Dorsal cavity has 2 subdivisions: 1. cranial-in skull and 2. spinal cavity-extends from cranial to end of vertebral column Ventral body CavityMuch larger;contains all in chest and abdomen Thoracic cavity(lungs,heart….separated by diaphragm-----MEDIASTINUM-serarates right and left cavities Abdominopelvic cavity--stomach,liver,intestines--(superior) -- inferior-Pelvic cavity--reproductive organs 15 List the 9 separate regions separated by 4 planes 1. ____________________ 2. _____________________ 3. ________________________ 4. _____________________ 5. ________________________ 6. ___________________________ 7. _____________________________ 8. _____________________________ 9. _________________________________ 16 17