Download Anatomy – structure

Anatomy – Structure
Physiology – How it works
I. Anatomy
A. Gross – collective (whole)
B. Microscopic anatomy
1. cytology – cellular
2. histology – study of tissue
C. Levels of biological organization
1. chemical level
2. cellular level
3. tissue level – mass of similar functioning
cells
4.organ – two or more tissues
5. system – several organs
6.organismic – all systems
D.life processes
1. - metabolism – sum of all chemical
processes
- catabolism – breakdown of complex
molecules into simple molecules
- anabolism – use of energy from catabolism
to build vital structure, functional parts
2. excitability – ability to respond
3. conductivity – ability to transfer an impulse
from one cell to another
4.contractility – ability to generate a force
thus shortening
5. growth – increase in size
6.differentiation – unspecialized cells become
specialized
7. reproduction – formation of new cells for
growth, replacement or production of a new
individual
E. Systematic Anatomy
1. Integumentary – skin
2. Skeletal – bones, cartilage, and joints
3. Muscular – muscles and tendons
4.Nervous – Brain, spinal nerves, sensory
nerves, and sensory organs
5. Endocrine – glands and tissue that secrete
hormones
6.Cardiovascular – blood, heart, and vessels
7. Respiratory – lungs and pathways
8. Reproductive – organs that produce
gametes and the organs that
nourish/transfer them
9. Digestive – G.I. Tract
10.Urinary – kidneys, bladder, urethra, production and elimination of waste
11.Lymphatic – organs and tissue of the white
blood cells - immunity
II. Anatomic terminology
A. Anatomic position
1. Planes and Sections
a. saggital plane – left and right
parasaggital – unequal
midsaggital – equal
b.medial – toward middle
c. frontal(coronal) – anterior and
posterior
d.transverse (horizontal or cross) superior and inferior
e. oblique – diagonal
B. Directional terms
1. anterior
2. posterior
3. ventral
4.dorsal
5. superior
6.inferior
7. proximal
8. distal
9.medial
10.lateral
III. Body cavities
A. dorsal – near back (posterior)
1. cranial – skull
2. spinal – vertebrae
B. ventral – anterior
1. thoracic – chest cavity
a. pleural – 2
b.pericardial
c. mediastinum – all structure in thoracic
except the lungs
2. abdominopelvic – lower portion –
abdominal and pelvic
a. organs – digestive and reproductive
b.quadrants – four, used in medicine
c. regions – anatomy uses nine (pg 18)
1. umbicical
2. epigastric
3. hypogastric
4. iliac - right and left
5. lumbar - right and left
6.hypochondrial - right and left
IV. Homeostasis – condition in which the body’s
internal environment remains within certain
physiological limits
- balance
- internal environment refers to fluid around the cells
(interstitial fluid) extracellular fluid
A. Composition – interstitial cells
1. gasses
2. nutrients
3. electrolytes – chemical ions
B. Stress – stimulus that creates an inbalance
(most are mild)
1. heat, cold, lack of oxygen - external
2. high blood pressure, tumors, unpleasant
thoughts – internal
- extreme stress – poisons, sugary, over
exposure to heat
C. Control – nervous and endocrine systems
1. nervous system – detects and sends
messages to counteract
2. endocrine system – sends hormones
D. Feedback – information is monitored and
feedback to the central control region.
1. control center – determines controlled
condition
2. receptor – sends input to control center
3. effector - sends response