* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Animals: Invertebrates
Survey
Document related concepts
Animal culture wikipedia , lookup
Emotion in animals wikipedia , lookup
Deception in animals wikipedia , lookup
Animal cognition wikipedia , lookup
Anatomical terms of location wikipedia , lookup
Theory of mind in animals wikipedia , lookup
History of zoology since 1859 wikipedia , lookup
Animal communication wikipedia , lookup
Zoopharmacognosy wikipedia , lookup
Animal locomotion wikipedia , lookup
Animal coloration wikipedia , lookup
History of zoology (through 1859) wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Biology 10 Lecture Outline Chapter 30 – Animals: Part 1 I. Overview A. Evolution & Classification of Animals B. Introducing the Invertebrates C. Molluscs D. Annelids E. Arthropods II. Evolution & Classification of Animals A. Animals are in the Domain Eukarya and Kingdom __________. Animal features: 1. Mobile, ___________ organisms 2. ___________ – usually acquire food by ingestion followed by digestion 3. ___________ – most have specialized cells that form tissues and organs 4. Have a life cycle in which the adult is usually _________ 5. Usually engage in __________ reproduction and produce an embryo that undergoes developmental stages B. Evolution of Animals 1. The more than ___ animal phyla are believed to have evolved from a ___________ ancestor 2. In this lecture, we will examine the _____________, animals without a backbone C. Criteria for ____________ 1. Level of ______________ – includes cellular, tissues, or organ levels of organization 2. Number of _______ Layers – these embryonic layers, which include endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm, become specialized tissues and organs a. Animals with no germ layers have only a __________ level of organization b. Animals with __ germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm) have a ____________ level of organization c. Those with all __ germ layers have an ________ level of organization. 3. Type of _______ Plan a. ____ plan animals have incomplete digestive systems, with ____ opening for food ingestion and for waste disposal b. ______ within a _____ plan animals have complete digestive systems, with separate openings for food and waste 4. Type of ___________ a. ______________ – no symmetry, the most primitive type b. __________ symmetry – like a wheel c. ___________ symmetry – a cut down the center produces two equal halves; the most advanced type 2 5. Type of _________ (internal body cavity = space between digestive tract and body wall) a. ____________ have no body cavity (most primitive type) b. _________coelomates have a body cavity incompletely lined by mesoderm c. ____________ – have a body cavity completely lined with mesoderm, and can be protostomes or deuterostomes 1) In ___________, the first embryonic opening becomes the mouth 2) In ___________, the first embryonic opening becomes the anus 6. ______________ – the repetition of body parts along the length of the body. Segmentation leads to specialization of the parts III. Introducing the Invertebrates A. Animals are believed to have evolved from ___________, less specialized organisms to __________, more specialized organisms in the following order of _________: 1. ___________ - sponges 2. ____________ - hydras, jellies, sea anemones, corals 3. ________________ - flatworms (planarians, flukes, tapeworms) 4. ______________ - roundworms 5. ______________ - snails, slugs, bivalves, squids, octopuses 6. ____________ - segmented worms (earthworms, polychaetes, leeches) 7. _______________ - crustaceans, insects, arachnids (spiders), centipedes, millipedes 8. ______________ - sea stars, sea urchins 9. _____________ - lancelets, tunicates, lampreys, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals B. __________ (Porifera) have relatively simple, porous bodies 1. Sponges are among the simplest animals; they are hollow organisms with many _______ in their walls 2. Major characteristics of sponges include a. Most are _________, some freshwater inhabitants that live on the bottom and are ________ (don’t move) b. Some are radially symmetrical, some __________ c. They reproduce asexually by __________ or fragmentation d. They are __________ feeders - feed by collecting bacteria from the water that moves through their porous bodies and phagocytosing it e. They lack a _________ stage during embryonic development f. They lack true __________ and organs (no muscles, nerves, or digestive tract) but have 3 cell ________: 1) Inner layer has flagellated _____________ (collar cells) that trap and phagocytose food particles 2) Middle layer has a) rigid _________ for support b) mobile ____________ that pick up food from internal choanocytes and digest it 3) Outer layer is __________ with flattened cells 3 C. ______________ are radial animals with stinging threads 1. Cnidarians include marine jellies (______ fish), sea anemones, & _________, and freshwater hydras 2. Major characteristics of Cnidarians include a. They have stinging cells called ____________ within __________ capsules on their tentacles, which they use to capture small prey b. They exhibit ________ symmetry, which may be two types: 1) A sessile _____, which is a cylindrical body with tentacles projecting from one end (e.g.: hydra & anemones) 2) A motile __________ shaped like an umbrella with fringes of tentacles below (e.g.: jellies) 3) Different types of cnidarians may have one or _____ forms in their life cycles (jellies have both) c. They have an incomplete digestive system - a saclike body (the _____________ cavity) in which the one opening serves as both mouth and anus d. They have a ________ stage and true __________, including nervous and muscle tissues in some, but no true organs D. ___________ (Platyhelminthes) are the simplest bilateral animals 1. Flatworms are ribbonlike animals that include _________ flukes & tapeworms and ______ living (nonparasitic) planarians 2. 3. Characteristics of flatworms include a. b. They are _____________ symmetrical c. They have limited _______ systems ____________ are free-living (nonparasitic) flatworms that live in freshwater ponds & streams. Their features include a. b. c. d. 4. Most have an __________ digestive tract (mouth & anus are the same opening), and no additional body cavity A triangular head with two ___________ A simple ____________ system A muscular _______ on their mid-ventral surface that serves as a mouth ________ on their ventral surface and muscles allow them to crawl, twist, & turn ________ are endoparasites that must derive their nourishment inside a host animal. A blood fluke called Schistosoma causes _________________ in humans. Their life cycle is a. Blood flukes in humans reproduce __________ and their fertilized eggs pass out in the host’s feces b. c. Ciliated ________ hatch in water and enter a ________, the secondary host ___________ reproduction in the snail produces other larvae that can infect humans 4 5. _____________ are also endoparasitic and inhabit the digestive tracts of vertebrates. Their features include a. Long, ____________ bodies with repeated parts b. No _________ tract; they absorb nutrients directly from their host c. Its head is its smallest part and has ________ and teeth that grasp the host d. The repeated parts contain male & female _________ organs; the parts at the tail end are filled with _____ and break off in the host’s feces e. The tapeworm life cycle also involves more than one ______: a predator can become infected by eating _______ that has eaten egg contaminated grass f. Humans can become infected by several types of tapeworms, including one obtained from eating ______ beef E. ____________ (Nematoda = nematodes) have a complete digestive tract 1. Roundworms are cylindrical with a tapered head and live wherever there is rotting ___________ matter. 2. 3. They are covered by a tough, protective __________ 4. They have a ___________ digestive tract, with both mouth & anus, surrounded by a __________coelom Most nematodes are ______ living, but some are parasitic a. Free living nemotodes are important ___________ in soil and on the bottoms of lakes & oceans b. ___________ nematodes include those that attack plant roots, as well as hookworms, pinworms, heartworms, etc. c. _____________, caused by Trichinella spiralis is contracted by eating undercooked pork. The worm infects muscle and can cause death when in the heart F. Diverse ____________ are variations on a common body plan 1. Mollusks include _______, slugs, oysters, clams, octopuses, & squids and have the following features a. b. _____________ symmetry Three main body parts: 1) A muscular ________ for movement 2) A _________ outgrowth of the body surface that drapes over the animal, often forming a shell and facilitating respiration, waste disposal, and sensory reception 3) A _________ mass where the internal organs are situated c. Many mollusks have a rasping tongue called a _________ that is used to scrape up food d. All have a ________ and a circulatory system that distributes nutrients and water through the body 5 e. The three most diverse _____ of mollusks are the gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods 1) ___________ include snails & slugs and are found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments 2) ___________ include clams, oysters, muscles, & scallops that have two shells hinged together and are generally filter feeders 3) ____________ - include squids & octopuses a) In most the shell is small or _________ b) they have beaklike jaws and a _____ to crush their prey c) They have large ______ & sophisticated sense organs G. ____________ are segmented worms that include earthworms, polychaetes, & leeches 1. Common features of annelids are a. b. c. d. e. f. 2. 3. 4. __________ symmetry ____________ body True _________ __________ systems A __________ digestive tract, with separate mouth & anus __________ circulatory system _______________ eat through soil and excrete soil improving wastes through an anus at their posterior end. Other features a. b. Organs in the repeating ____________ include excretory& nervous tissues c. Unsegmented main ________, dorsal & ventral blood vessels are connected by segmented vessels, including 5 pairs of hearts d. They’re ____________: each has both male & female gonads The digestive tract is _____________, passing through segment walls from mouth to anus ______________ are mostly marine and are the largest group of annelids a. _____________ live on the sea floor and have segmented appendages with hard bristles that help them to move b. ____________ build and live in tubes from which they extend feathery appendages to trap food particles __________ may be free living or parasitic and live mostly in fresh water habitats and some moist, tropical forests a. Parasitic leeches attach to a host, bite through the skin, and secrete saliva with an antiseptic & ________________ components that allow them to feed on the host’s blood b. Leeches are currently used _____________ to help reattach severed appendages 6 H. ________________ (“jointed foot”) are the most numerous and widespread of all animals, including lobsters, crabs, barnacles, spiders, ticks, and insects 1. Arthropod characteristics include a. b. c. d. e. 2. ____________ symmetry ____________ appendages ____________ body, usually composed of a head, thorax, and abdomen _____________ composed of chitin & proteins A true __________ with an open circulatory system The 4 major groups of arthropods are a. ____________ (subphylum Crustacea) are nearly all aquatic and include lobsters, crayfish, crabs, shrimps, and barnacles; all have 2 pr. of antennae, most have compound eyes b. ____________ (class Arachnida) have 4 pr. legs and include scorpions, spiders, ticks, & mites; a subphylum includes these animals and a “living fossil” called a horseshoe crab ____________ have 2 pr. of legs per segment & Centipedes have 1 pr. legs per segment; they resemble annelids, but have numerous jointed legs c. d. _________ (class Insecta) are the largest group of arthropods and terrestrial animals in general I. Insects are the most ___________ group of organisms 1. The total number of insect species is greater than all other animal species combined, with about 1 ________ known species 2. Common features of insects include a. b. c. d. Most have a 3 part body (head, _________, abdomen) e. Many insects have one or more ________ stages and undergo _______________ in their development. The head usually has paired eyes and _____________ _______parts are adapted for a particular type of eating Adults usually have ___ pairs of legs and one or two pairs of ________ borne on the thorax