Download Campbell Biology in Focus (Urry) Chapter 16 Development, Stem

Campbell Biology in Focus (Urry)
Chapter 16 Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer
16.1 Multiple-Choice Questions
2) What is considered to be the first evidence of differentiation in the cells of an embryo?
A) cell division occurring after fertilization
B) the occurrence of mRNAs for the production of tissue-specific proteins
C) determination of specific cells for certain functions
D) changes in the size and shape of the cell
E) changes resulting from induction
Topic: Concept 16.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Learning Outcome: 16.1
3) Embryonic lethal mutations result in
A) phenotypes that prevent fertilization.
B) failure to express maternal effect genes.
C) death during pupation.
D) phenotypes that are never born/hatched.
E) homeotic phenotype changes.
Topic: Concept 16.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Learning Outcome: 16.1
4) Your brother has just purchased a new plastic model airplane. He places all the parts on the
table in approximately the positions in which they will be located when the model is complete.
His actions are analogous to which process in development?
A) morphogenesis
B) determination
C) induction
D) differentiation
E) pattern formation
Topic: Concept 16.1
Skill: Application/Analysis
Learning Outcome: 16.1
5) The product of the bicoid gene in Drosophila provides essential information about
A) lethal genes.
B) the dorsal-ventral axis.
C) the left-right axis.
D) segmentation.
E) the anterior-posterior axis.
Topic: Concept 16.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Learning Outcome: 16.1
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6) If a Drosophila female has a homozygous mutation for a maternal effect gene,
A) she will not develop past the early embryonic stage.
B) all of her offspring will show the mutant phenotype, regardless of their genotype.
C) only her male offspring will show the mutant phenotype.
D) her offspring will show the mutant phenotype only if they are also homozygous for the
mutation.
E) only her female offspring will show the mutant phenotype.
Topic: Concept 16.1
Skill: Application/Analysis
Learning Outcome: 16.1
7) Mutations in which of the following genes lead to transformations in the identity of entire
body parts?
A) morphogens
B) segmentation genes
C) egg-polarity genes
D) homeotic genes
E) inducers
Topic: Concept 16.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Learning Outcome: 16.1
10) The fact that plants can be cloned from somatic cells demonstrates that
A) differentiated cells retain all the genes of the zygote.
B) genes are lost during differentiation.
C) the differentiated state is normally very unstable.
D) differentiated cells contain masked mRNA.
E) differentiation does not occur in plants.
Topic: Concept 16.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Learning Outcome: 16.2
11) Which of the following is most closely identical to the formation of twins?
A) cell cloning
B) therapeutic cloning
C) use of adult stem cells
D) embryo transfer
E) organismal cloning
Topic: Concept 16.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Learning Outcome: 16.2
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12) In 1997, Dolly the sheep was cloned. Which of the following processes was used?
A) use of mitochondrial DNA from adult female cells of another ewe
B) replication and dedifferentiation of adult stem cells from sheep bone marrow
C) separation of an early-stage sheep blastula into separate cells, one of which was incubated in a
surrogate ewe
D) fusion of an adult cell's nucleus with an enucleated sheep egg, followed by incubation in a
surrogate
E) isolation of stem cells from a lamb embryo and production of a zygote equivalent
Topic: Concept 16.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Learning Outcome: 16.2
13) Which of the following problems with animal cloning might result in premature death of the
clones?
A) use of pluripotent instead of totipotent stem cells
B) use of nuclear DNA as well as mtDNA
C) abnormal gene regulation due to variant methylation
D) the indefinite replication of totipotent stem cells
E) abnormal immune function due to bone marrow dysfunction
Topic: Concept 16.2
Skill: Application/Analysis
Learning Outcome: 16.2
14) Reproductive cloning of human embryos is generally considered unethical. However, on the
subject of therapeutic cloning there is a wider divergence of opinion. Which of the following is a
likely explanation?
A) Use of adult stem cells is likely to produce more cell types than use of embryonic stem cells.
B) Cloning to produce embryonic stem cells may lead to great medical benefits for many.
C) Cloning to produce stem cells relies on a different initial procedure than reproductive cloning.
D) A clone that lives until the blastocyst stage does not yet have human DNA.
E) No embryos would be destroyed in the process of therapeutic cloning.
Topic: Concept 16.2
Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation
Learning Outcome: 16.2
15) Which of the following is true of embryonic stem cells but not of adult stem cells?
A) They normally differentiate into only eggs and sperm.
B) They can give rise to all cell types in the organism.
C) They can continue to reproduce for an indefinite period.
D) They can provide enormous amounts of information about the process of gene regulation.
E) One aim of using them is to provide cells for repair of diseased tissue.
Topic: Concept 16.2
Skill: Application/Analysis
Learning Outcome: 16.2
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17) In animals, what is the difference between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning?
A) Reproductive cloning uses totipotent cells, whereas therapeutic cloning does not.
B) Reproductive cloning uses embryonic stem cells, whereas therapeutic cloning does not.
C) Therapeutic cloning uses nuclei of adult cells transplanted into enucleated nonfertilized eggs.
D) Therapeutic cloning supplies cells for repair of diseased or injured organs.
Topic: Concept 16.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Learning Outcome: 16.2
21) In animals, embryonic stem cells differ from adult stem cells in that
A) embryonic stem cells can differentiate into more cell types than adult stem cells.
B) adult stem cells can differentiate into more cell types than embryonic stem cells.
C) embryonic stem cells have more genes than adult stem cells.
D) embryonic stem cells have fewer genes than adult stem cells.
E) embryonic stem cells are localized to specific sites within the embryo, whereas adult stem
cells are spread throughout the body.
Topic: Concept 16.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Learning Outcome: 16.2
22) Which of the following statements describes proto-oncogenes?
A) Their normal function is to suppress tumor growth.
B) They are introduced to a cell initially by retroviruses.
C) They are produced by somatic mutations induced by carcinogenic substances.
D) They can code for proteins associated with cell growth.
E) They are underexpressed in cancer cells.
Topic: Concept 16.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Learning Outcome: 16.3
23) Which of the following is characteristic of the product of the p53 gene?
A) It is an activator for other genes.
B) It speeds up the cell cycle.
C) It causes cell death via apoptosis.
D) It allows cells to pass on mutations due to DNA damage.
E) It slows down the rate of DNA replication by interfering with the binding of DNA
polymerase.
Topic: Concept 16.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Learning Outcome: 16.3
24) Tumor-suppressor genes
A) are frequently overexpressed in cancerous cells.
B) are cancer-causing genes introduced into cells by viruses.
C) can encode proteins that promote DNA repair or cell-cell adhesion.
D) often encode proteins that stimulate the cell cycle.
E) do all of the above.
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Topic: Concept 16.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Learning Outcome: 16.3
26) The cancer-causing forms of the Ras protein are involved in which of the following
processes?
A) relaying a signal from a growth factor receptor
B) DNA replication
C) DNA repair
D) cell-cell adhesion
E) cell division
Topic: Concept 16.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Learning Outcome: 16.3
16.2 End-of-Chapter Questions
1) Muscle cells differ from nerve cells mainly because they
A) express different genes.
B) contain different genes.
C) use different genetic codes.
D) have unique ribosomes.
E) have different chromosomes.
Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Learning Outcome: No L.O. Specified
2) Cell differentiation always involves
A) the production of tissue-specific proteins, such as muscle actin.
B) the movement of cells.
C) the transcription of the myoD gene.
D) the selective loss of certain genes from the genome.
E) the cell's sensitivity to environmental cues, such as light or heat.
Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Learning Outcome: No L.O. Specified
3) Apoptosis involves all but which of the following?
A) fragmentation of the DNA
B) cell-signaling pathways
C) activation of cellular enzymes
D) lysis of the cell
E) digestion of cellular contents by scavenger cells
Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions
Skill: Application/Analysis
Learning Outcome: No L.O. Specified
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5) Proto-oncogenes can change into oncogenes that cause cancer. Which of the following best
explains the presence of these potential time bombs in eukaryotic cells?
A) Proto-oncogenes first arose from viral infections.
B) Proto-oncogenes normally help regulate cell division.
C) Proto-oncogenes are genetic "junk."
D) Proto-oncogenes are mutant versions of normal genes.
E) Cells produce proto-oncogenes as they age.
Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions
Skill: Application/Analysis
Learning Outcome: No L.O. Specified
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