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Transcript
Glossary – Unit 2 Key area 2.1 Cells tissues and organs. Word Multicellular Organisms Cell Specialisation Tissue Histology Histopathology Organ Organ System Definition A living thing made of more than one cell When cells become differentiated to carry out a particular function A group of similar cells which carry out the same function The study of cells and tissues of plants and animals The study of cells and tissues to diagnose and monitor diseases A group of differentiated tissues that work together to carry out a particular function e.g. heart and lungs A group of organs that work together to carry out a particular function e.g. circulatory, respiratory and digestive Key area 2.2 – Stem Cells and meristems Word Definition Stem cell Unspecialised cell capable of dividing into cells that can develop into different cell types Embryonic Stem Found in embryos and have the potential to divide and Cells become nearly any cell type in the body Adult Stem Cells Found in tissues and organs and can divide and differentiate into different cell types Meristem Localised region of actively dividing cells in plants Ethical issue A moral dilemma Key area 2.3a – Control and communication: Nervous system Word Definition Cerebrum Large folded part of the brain that controls conscious responses, memory, thought, intelligence and emotions Cerebellum Medulla Stimuli Sensory Strip Motor Strip Central Nervous System (CNS) Neurone Sensory Neurone Relay Neurone Motor Neurone Effectors Nerve impulse Reflex arc Part of the brain that controls balance and coordination of movement Part of the brain which controls breathing, heart rate and peristalsis Changes in the environment detected by receptor cells that trigger a response in an organism Area of the cerebrum that deals with all incoming information from the senses Area of the cerebrum that sends information to muscles of the body that we control by conscious thought Part of the nervous system made up of the brain and spinal cord Nerve cell that is specialised to transmit electrical impulses Nerve cell that transmits electrical impulses from a sense organ to the CNS Nerve cell that transmits electrical impulses from sensory neurones to motor neurones Nerve cell that carries electrical impulses from the CNS to effectors such as muscles or glands The muscles or glands that make the appropriate response Electrical signals which travel along nerve cells Synapse Pathway of information from a sensory neuron through a relay neuron directly to a motor neurone The gap between two neurones Neurotransmitters Chemicals which are released to effect a change Synaptic cleft The area a neurotransmitter has to cross to continue to the next neurone Cell that can detect stimuli inside or outside of the body Organ of the central nervous system of mammals where vital functions are coordinated Part of the CNS of a mammal that runs within its backbone Receptor cell Brain Spinal cord Key area 2.3b – Control and communication: Endocrine system Word Definition Endocrine system Gland that produces and releases a hormone directly into the blood Hormones A protein released by an endocrine gland into the blood to act as a chemical messenger Insulin A hormone produced by the pancreas, responsible for triggering the conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver Glucagon A hormone produced by the pancreas, responsible for triggering the conversion of glycogen into glucose in the liver Diabetes A condition where the sufferer cannot control glucose levels in their body Glands A group of cells that produce and secrete chemicals into the body Pancreas The organ responsible for the production of digestive enzymes and the hormones insulin and glucagon Glycogen Animal storage carbohydrate located in the liver and muscle tissues Liver A large organ with many important functions including a role in blood glucose control Target organ An organ with receptor molecules on its cell surface that recognise a specific hormone Key area 2.4 – Reproduction Word Definition Reproduction The production of new members of a species Sexual reproduction Reproduction which requires the use of sex cells Asexual reproduction Zygote Reproduction which does not require sex cells Gametes Sex cells containing haploid chromosome number A fertilised egg cell Haploid Sperm cell A cell which only contains half the normal amount of chromosomes (23 in humans) A cell which contains the full chromosome complement (46 in humans) Male sex organs in animals responsible for the production of sperm A gamete produced in the testes of male animals Ova (singular Ovum) Female gametes produced by ovaries in animals Ovaries Fertilisation Female sex organs in animals responsible for the production of ova When ova are released at regular intervals from the female ovaries The fusion of gametes Oviduct The site of fertilisation of an ova by a sperm cell Pollination The transfer of pollen grain from anther to stigma, usually by wind or an animal pollinator The male reproductive organs of a flower Diploid Testes Ovulation Stamen Pollen grain Stigma The structure produced in the anthers of a flower that contains the male gamete Where pollen lands during fertilisation Ovules The female gamete of plants Key area 2.5 – Variation and inheritance Word Definition Variation Differences in characteristics that can be seen between individual members of a species Discreet Variation that is clear cut and observable as (discontinuous) categories variation Continuous variation Variation where a characteristic can have any value in a range Ploygenic Inheritance determined by the interaction of several genes acting together Gene A small section of DNA that codes for the production of a particular protein Alleles Different versions of the same genetic characteristic Genetics The study of variation and inheritance Phenotype The visible characteristics of an organism that occur as a result of its genes The alleles that an organism has for a particular characteristic Form of a gene that is expressed in the phenotype, whether it is homozygous or heterozygous An allele of a gene that only shows in the phenotype if the genotype is homozygous for that allele Describes a genotype in which the two alleles for the characteristic are the same Describes a genotype in which the two alleles for the characteristic are different Genotype Dominant alleles Recessive allele Homozygous Heterozygous Key area 2.6a – The need for transport in plants Word Definition Transpiration The evaporation of water through the stomata of leaves Xylem Narrow, dead tubes with lignin in their walls for the transport of water and minerals in plants Phloem Vessels in plants that transport sugars Photosynthesis Stomata Guard cells Lignin Minerals Process carried out by green plants to make their own food using light energy Tiny pores in the leaf epidermis that allow gas exchange Found on either side of a stoma; they control gas exchange in leaves by controlling opening and closing of the stoma Carbohydrate material lining the xylem vessels and providing strength and support Nutrient ions essential for healthy growth Root hair cell Spongy mesophyll Vascular tissue A specialised cell that increases the surface area of the root epidermis to improve the uptake of water and minerals Plant leaf tissue with loosely packed cells and air spaces between them to allow gas exchange Plant tissue composing of phloem and xylem that transports minerals in a plant Key area 2.6b – The need for transport in animals: circulation Word Definition Circulatory system Consists of the heart, blood vessels and the blood they contain Heart Muscular organ that pumps blood around the body Blood vessels Artery Vein Capillaries Plasma Haemoglobin Valves Structures which allow blood to be transported around the body General name for a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart General name for a blood vessel that transports blood to the heart Tiny blood vessels with walls one-cell thick where exchange of materials occurs The liquid part of blood that carries many substances such as sugars, salts, amino acids, proteins, vitamins, water, carbon dioxide and urea. Pigment in red blood cells that transports oxygen as oxyhaemoglobin Structures in veins that prevent backflow of blood Aorta Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein Vena cava Ventricle Atria The main artery that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart in mammals Artery carrying deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs Vein carrying oxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs Vein carrying deoxygenated blood to the heart from the body systems Lower chambers of the heart that receive blood from the atria and pump it into the arteries Upper chambers of the heart which receive blood from veins Key area 2.6c The need for transport in animals: gas exchange and nutrient absorption Word Alveoli Definition Tiny sacs in lungs that form the gas exchange surface Cartilage Flexible tissue forming C-shaped rings in the trachea to keep the airways open Hair-like structures lining the trachea that move mucus with trapped bacteria away from the lungs The breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into smaller, soluble ones Central vessel in the villi responsible for the absorption of fats Organs responsible for gas exchange Cilia Digestion Lacteal Lungs Lymph Mucus Peristalsis Liquid that circulates within a mammals body, transporting the products of fat digestion from the lacteals Sticky substance lining the trachea and bronchi, trapping dust and bacteria Waves of muscular contraction responsible for the movement of food through the intestines Villi Gas exchange Carbohydrate Fats Proteins Finger-like projections of the small intestine lining providing a large surface area for the digestion of food The movement of molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide A substance such as sugar, starch or glycogen, containing the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen A substance which is used as an energy source and for insulation, made from fatty acids and glycerol A substance composed of chains of amino acids containing the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen Key area 2.7 – Effects of lifestyle choices on human transport exchange systems Word Definition Lifestyle choice Decisions on lifestyle that impact on an individual’s health Diet The food and drinks which a person consumes Obesity Heart attack Tobacco Exercise Alcohol A condition where a person is heavily overweight which often puts strain on their organs A blockage to the coronary artery Smoking increases the risk of developing heart disease Healthy activities which improve circulation and blood flow to muscles Heavy drinking can lead to an increase in blood pressure which increases the risk of having a heart attack or stroke