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Ch. 3.3: Islam After Muhammad’s Death Focus Question: What happened to the spread of Islam after Muhammad’s death? Question 1: What were Muhammad’s accomplishments? Question 1: What were Muhammad’s accomplishments? • Muhammad became an important religious, military, and political leader • Spread Islam to most of the Arabian Peninsula • Muhammad died in 632 leaving Muslims without a leader Question 2: Who was Abu Bakr (Ah*boo Bah*kuhr)? Question 2: Who was Abu Bakr (Ah*boo Bah*kuhr)? • Muhammad’s father in-law and trusted friend • Respected for his devotion to Muhammad and Islam • Elected as Muhammad’s successor after Muhammad’s death Question 3: What did Abu Bakr accomplish? Question 3: What did Abu Bakr accomplish? • In 632 became first caliph (kay*lihf) – Caliph = title that mean “successor”, a civil and religious ruler • Used military force to reunite Muslim community that had begun to fall apart after Muhammad’s death Question 4: Who were the “rightly guided” caliphs and what did they do? Question 4: Who were the “rightly guided” caliphs and what did they do? • Abu Bakr and next 3 elected caliphs – Umar, Uthman, and Ali • Used military conquest in other regions to continue to spread Islam • Empire grew four times in size under these caliphs and included all of Southwest Asia and stretched into North Africa Question 5: Why was the Muslim Military successful? Question 5: Why was the Muslim Military successful? • Believed Allah supported them • Energized by faith and willing to fight to spread Islam • Highly skilled military leaders • Empires they conquered were already weakened from war with each other • Muslims let conquered peoples keep their own religions if they wanted to because the Qur’an did not allow forced conversions Question 6: What happened over time in Muslim ruled areas? Question 6: What happened over time in Muslim ruled areas? • Blending of many cultures • Many peoples converted to Islam – Attracted to Islam’s message of equality and hope for salvation in Heaven – Wanted economic benefit – Muslims didn’t have to pay certain taxes • People of the book (Jews and Christians) received special treatment: – Paid a poll tax each year in exchange for not having to perform military duties – Held important roles in the Muslim state as officials and scholars