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Astronomy Vocabulary *Begins on p. 286 of Glencoe Textbook. 1. Axis: The imaginary vertical line around which Earth spins. 2. Rotation: Spinning of Earth on its axis, causes day and night to occur. 1 rotation= 24 hours. 3. Revolution: Earth’s yearly orbit around the Sun. 4. Ellipse/ Elliptical Orbit: An elongated, closed curve. (Earth’s orbit around the Sun.) 5. Solstice: The day when the Sun reaches its greatest distance north or south of the equator. (Closest to Tropic of Cancer or Tropic of Capricorn) Summer solstice= Longest day of the year. Winter solstice= shortest day of the year. 6. Equinox: When the Sun is directly above the Earth’s equator. (90) Day and night hours are nearly equal. 7. Moon Phases: Different forms that the moon takes in its appearance from Earth. Depends on Earth, Moon, and Sun. 8. New Moon: Occurs when the moon is between the Earth and the Sun. Lighted half faces the Sun, dark faces the Earth. 9. Waxing: Means more of the illuminated half can be seen each night. 10. Full Moon: Occurs when all of the Moon’s surface facing Earth reflects light. Earth is between the Sun and Moon. 11. Waning: Means you see less of the illuminated half each night. 12. Solar eclipse: Occurs when the Moon moves directly between the Sun and Earth and the moon casts a shadow on the Earth. 13. Lunar eclipse: Occurs when the Moon moves into Earth’s penumbra and Earth’s shadow appears on the Moon. *Begins on p. 329. 14. Tide: The rise and fall in sea level. 15. Tidal Range: The difference between the level of the ocean at high tide and low tide. 16. Spring Tide (332): When the Sun, Moon and Earth are aligned causing high tides to be higher and low tides to be lower than usual. 17. Neap Tide (332): When the Sun, Moon and Earth form a right angle and low tides are higher and high tides are lower than usual. 18. Photosphere (383): Lowest layer of the Sun’s atmosphere and the layer from which light is given off. (Surface) 6,000 k 19. Corona: Above the transition zone, largest layer, millions of km’s, Temp 2000000 k. 20. Chromosphere: Above photosphere extends 2000 km and then there is a transition zone. 21. Solar Flares: Violent eruptions of gases near a sun spot which brighten suddenly, shooting outward at high speeds. 22. Solar Wind (bottom 383): Charged particles continually escape from the Corona and move through space. 23. Auroras: Can form when charged particles near the poles cause gases in the atmosphere to glow. 24. Sun Spots: Areas of the Sun’s surface which appear darker because they are cooler than surrounding areas. 25. Prominences: Huge, arching columns of gas (Move at speeds of 600 km/s to 1,000 km/s) 26. CME’s: When large amounts of electronicallycharged gas are ejected suddenly from the Sun’s corona. 27. Irregular galaxy (395): Have many different shapes and don’t fit into the spiral or elliptical categories. They are the smallest of the different types of galaxies. 28. Light year (381): The distance that light travels in one year (9.5 Trillion km) . The nearest star to Earth, besides the Sun, is called Proxima Centauri and is 4.24 light years away. 29. Telescope (412): Two types: Optical and Radio. Optical telescopes are used to collect light and form images (can either be reflective or refractive) and Radio telescopes use radio emissions to detect objects in space, map the Universe, and search for intelligent life. 30. Satellite (419): Any object that revolves around another object. 31. Space probe (420): An instrument that gathers info. and sends it back to Earth. Unlike satellites, they can travel through the Solar System, some have even gone to the edge of the Solar System. Astronomy Power Point Notes: Planets Planets may have a _____________ or _________ surface or a __________ surface. Gaseous planets are considerably ____________ than _______________ planets. Planets may have ___________. Some planets have a unique surface characteristic, for example color or an atmospheric storm. Movement of planets is based on revolution around the ___________ and rotation on the planet’s ______________. Moons Moons are studied in relation to the planet they _____________. Not all planets have ____________. Most are rocky bodies covered with craters, but some have unique characteristics. Movement of moons is based on revolution around their __________________. Asteroids Most asteroids are rocky bodies that orbit in a region in the solar system known as the ______________ _______, between Mars and Jupiter. They vary in size and shape. Movement is based on their revolution around the _________. Some asteroids outside the asteroid belt have orbits that cross Earth’s orbit; scientists monitor the positions of these asteroids. Comets Comets have a main body or head (composed of _________ and rock particles mixed with _________, methane and ammonia) and a tail that emerges as the comet gets __________ to the Sun during its orbit. The tail always points ____________ from the Sun. Comets have a unique long, narrow ______________ orbit. Meteoroids Meteoroids are chunks of _____________ that move about within the solar system. Location and movement result in the different terms: o Meteor – _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ o Meteorite – _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________