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UNIT 2: THE GROWTH OF CIVILIZATION CHAPTER 7: THE ROMAN WORLD Section 1: Founding the Roman Republic I. The Land: Its Geography & Importance A. Advantages 1. Natural Defenses the Alps to the north protected Italy the Mediterranean Sea to the south & the Adriatic Sea to the east made Italy an excellent base from which to control both the eastern & the western halves of the region 2. Easy Trade & Travel the Apennine Mountains, which run the full length of the boot, are not very rugged; this made early trade & travel relatively easy B. Disadvantages 1. The Alps the Alps separated Italy from the rest of Europe over the centuries, enemies streamed into Italy through passages that cut through the Alps 2. Long Coastline Italy’s long coastline made it open to attack from the sea II. Rome & the Beginning of an Empire A. The Founding of Rome some of the Latin settlers who moved into west-central Italy sometime before the mid-700s B.C. built villages along the Tiber River which, in time, united & would later form Rome the Etruscans who ruled Rome beginning in the 600s B.C. influenced Roman culture & helped Rome grow into a large & prosperous city Greek culture, such as the belief in gods, was mirrored in Roman culture B. A Strategic Location Rome was built on 7 hills along the Tiber River, about 15 miles inland from the coast Rome was protected from sea invasion & was at the center of trade routes that spread out across the land in all directions III. The Early Roman Republic Republic - form of government in which voters elect officials to run the state in the Roman Republic, only adult male citizens were entitled to vote & to take part in government A. Senate the Senate was the most influential & powerful of the 3 governing bodies because it controlled public funds, decided foreign policy, acted as a court, & in times of emergency, could propose a dictator dictator - absolute ruler B. Magistrates the magistrates were elected officials that included consuls, praetors, & censors the consuls ran the government, commanded the army, & could appoint dictators; praetors oversaw the Roman legal system or commanded armies in times of war censors registered citizens according to their wealth, appointed Senate candidates, & oversaw the moral conduct of all citizens veto - refuse to approve, as in a bill or law checks & balances - system of government that prevents any one part of the government from becoming too powerful C. Assemblies in the several assemblies that existed in the Roman Republic, citizens voted on laws & elected officials tribunes – if they believed actions were not in the public interest, they could refuse to approve them IV. The Conflict of the Orders the struggles of the common people to win more rights became known as the Conflict of Orders patricians - powerful landowners who controlled Roman government & society; nobles who inherited their power plebeians - farmers & workers who made up most of the Roman population; did not know laws; could vote but were barred from holding office in about 450 B.C. the Romans engraved their laws on tablets called the Twelve Tables & placed them in the Forum V. The Republic Grows A. The Role of the Roman Army every adult male citizen who owned land was required by law to serve in the Roman army the major unit of the army was the legion, consisting of from 4,500 to 6,000 citizens B. The Role of Wise Policies the Romans granted full citizenship to the people of nearby Italian cities & partial citizenship to people in more distant cities Romans expected conquered peoples to provide land for Roman farmers, thus helping the Romans to maintain control & leading to the spread of Latin language, Roman law, & other aspects of Roman culture throughout Italy Section 2: Rome Expands Its Borders I. Rome Fights Carthage by the middle 200s B.C., the Roman Republic controlled all of the Italian Peninsula south of the Rubicon Carthage, a powerful city on the coast of North Africa, was now a great commercial power whose empire spanned the western Mediterranean Punic Wars - the title of 3 costly wars between Rome & Carthage A. The First Punic War (264 B.C.—241 B.C.) Causes Results Carthage was afraid Rome would take Sicily. Carthage asked for peace. Rome was afraid Carthage would close the Adriatic Sea & the Strait of Messina. Carthage had to pay indemnity & give up control of Sicily. B. The Second Punic War (218 B.C.—202 B.C.) Causes Results Hannibal invaded Italy. Carthage asked for peace. Carthage had to pay indemnity & lost the Spanish colonies. Rome was now the most powerful force in the western Mediterranean. C. The Third Punic War (149 B.C.—146 B.C.) Causes Results Some Romans passionately hated Carthage. Carthage was destroyed. Rome declared war. Macedonia was also defeated (197 B.C.). By 133 B.C. Rome was the supreme power in the Mediterranean. II. The Problem of Expansion Rome remained a republic, but the Senate gained almost complete control over the army & foreign policy, & the nobles gained even more power Rome’s new territories (provinces) were simply made subjects of Rome the Punic Wars had ravaged the land of the Roman farmer-soldier; in time, Rome became dependant on the provinces for grain, its chief food within the republic, the gap between rich & poor, powerful & powerless continued to grow Spartacus - led the most brutal Roman slave revolt with some 70,000 slaves taking part in 73 B.C. Section 3: The Birth of the Roman Empire I. A Weakening Republic A. The Social War Gracchus brothers introduced reforms Sulla establishes dictatorship Angry senators kill the Gracchi Violence becomes the primary tool of Roman politics Lucius Cornelius Sulla marches on Rome, an action that led to civil war Leaders recruit personal armies II. Caesar in Power Julius Caesar - nephew of Gaius Marius who built a huge following among Rome’s poor; member of the First Triumvirate who was murdered in a conspiracy on the Ides of March (March 15, 44 B.C.). A. The First Triumvirate in 60 B.C. Julius Caesar, Gnaeus Pompey, & Licinius Crassus formed the First Triumvirate. Triumvirate - political alliance of 3 rulers, “rule of three” the Senate declared Caesar dictator for life in 44 B.C. B. The Rule of Caesar Caesar increased the Senate to 900 members but reduced its power Gaius Cassius and Marcus rutus worked with conspirators to kill Caesar III. The Roman Empire a power struggle erupted after Caesar’s death A. The Second Triumvirate Marc Antony - general & ally of Caesar’s who drove out the conspirators & took control of Rome the Second Triumvirate was formed by Marc Antony, Octavian (or Augustus Caesar, Julius Caesar’s grandnephew), & Lepidus (Caesar’s second-in-command) B. Octavian: The First Augustus in 27 B.C. the Senate gave Octavian the title Augustus, or “the revered one” Augustus (Octavian) Caesar - grandnephew of Julius Caesar; member of the Second Triumvirate; generally referred to as the first Roman emperor beginning with Augustus’ reign, the Roman Republic became the Roman Empire under the rule of Augustus, the Roman Empire stretched from Spain in the west to Syria in the east, & from Egypt & the Sahara in the south to the Rhine & Danube Rivers in the north Augustus’ reign began a period known as the Pax Romana, or “Roman Peace,” that would last for more than 200 years Pax Romana - period of Roman peace from the beginning of Augustus’ reign until the death of Marcus Aurelius C. The Pax Romana Emperors relatives of Julius Caesar ruled the 54 years following Augustus’ death Vespasian was the first of the Flavian emperors who ruled until A.D. 96 the Five Good Emperors would rule Rome for almost 100 years 27 B.C.—A.D. 14 Augustus A.D. 14-68 Julio-Claudian Emperors Claudius (A.D. 41-54) Nero (A.D. 54-68) Tiberius (A.D. 14-37) Caligula (A.D. 37-41) A.D. 68-69 Army Emperors (Chosen by various legions during a succession crisis) Otho Vitellius Galba A.D. 69—A.D. 96 Flavian Emperors Domitian (A.D. 81-96) Vespasian (A.D. 69-79) Titus (A.D. 79-81) Nerva (A.D. 96-98) Trajan (A.D. 98-117) Hadrian (A.D. 117-138) A.D. 96-180 The Five Good Emperors Antoninus Pius (A.D. 138-161) Marcus Aurelius (A.D. 161-180) Section 4: Roman Society & Culture I. Building a Strong Empire Soldiers made citizens Kept order Stationed along frontiers Strong emperor ROMAN ARMY STRONG EMPIRE GOVERNMENT & LAW Enforced law TRADE & TRANSPORTATION Provincial official Revised 12 Tables Kept peace Farm goods & luxury goods A. Government & Law the Roman government was the strongest unifying force in the empire the Romans changed the code of the Twelve Tables in 2 important ways: o the government passed new laws as needed o judges interpreted the old laws to fit new circumstances Roads & bridges Encouraged widespread trade B. Trade & Transportation most trade within the empire centered around grain, wine, oil, other food items, & everyday items such as cloth, pottery, & glassware foreign trade often included luxury goods such as African ivory, Chinese silk, & Indian pepper C. The Roman Army II. Life in the Empire while the rich enjoyed great luxuries, the majority of Romans were poor A. Daily Life homes varied for rich & poor rich citizens usually had both a city home & a country home (with running water and bath) many of Rome’s residents lived in crowded multistory apartment houses B. Slaves & Slavery slavery was widespread slaves were among the least fortunate of the empire’s population Roman slaves could buy freedom or be freed by an order from their masters C. The Roles of Men, Women, & Children the family was at the heart of Roman society men made important decisions & controlled property women managed households D. Religion the Romans had numerous gods & goddesses over time, Greek thought increasingly influenced Roman religious beliefs by the time of the empire, a state religion had evolved to promote patriotism & loyalty to the state religious ritual was a part of daily and state life E. Fun & Games entertainment included theater, chariot racing, gladiatorial contests, & athletic events gladiators - trained fighters, usually slaves, who fought in arenas as entertainment III. Science & the Arts A. Science, Engineering, & Architecture Galen summarized all the medical knowledge of his day Ptolemy developed a system of astronomy & geography based on the belief that the sun, the planets, & the stars revolved around the earth the Romans used scientific knowledge from the Greeks to plan cities, build water & sewage systems, & improve farming & livestock breeding aqueducts - bridge-like structures that carry water the Romans knew how to build the arch & the vaulted dome the most important contribution of Roman architects was the use of concrete B. Literature Virgil - greatest of the Roman poets; his epic poem, the Aeneid, tells the story of Aeneas, a prince of Troy Horace – wrote odes, satires, and epistles Ovid – wrote love lyrics Tacitus – wrote the Annals, a history of Rome under the Julio-Claudian emperors Plutarch – a Greek who wrote Parallel Lives, a collection of Greek & Roman biographies C. Language today we use the Roman, or Latin, alphabet of 23 letters, plus J, Y, & W, which the English added after Roman times Latin is the parent of the modern Romance languages: o Italian o French o Spanish o Portuguese o Romanian Section 5: The Rise of Christianity I. The Beginning of Christianity to keep peace, the Romans allowed people in the provinces to practice their different religions, as long as the people honored the gods of Rome & the “divine spirit” of the emperor A. Jews & the Roman Empire in Roman times most Jews lived in Judea, which became a Roman province in A.D. 6 Zealots – feared their religion would be weakened by outside influences and supported a rebellion against Rome in A.D. 66 to A.D. 70 the Jews revolted against the Romans, resulting in the sacking of Jerusalem & all but the western wall of the Second Temple being destroyed the Wailing Wall (the western wall of the Second Temple) is considered a sacred site of the Jewish faith the destruction of the Second Temple marked a major turning point in Jewish history rabbis - religious scholars of Judaism in A.D. 135 the last Jewish revolt was brutally put down & all Jews were banned from the holy city of Jerusalem Jesus - Jewish teacher whose followers founded Christianity B. The Teachings of Jesus Jesus began teaching around A.D. 27 with his disciples (or followers) in the countryside Jesus’ teachings have become one of the greatest influences on the Western world Jesus’ teachings were grounded in Jewish traditions, but also taught that God cares more for people than he does for laws & rituals C. The Death of Jesus the Romans, fearing that Jesus would lead an uprising, had him arrested, tried, & crucified the Gospels’ account of Jesus’ resurrection became the central event of a new religion— Christianity—that believed all people could be redeemed from God’s final judgment through Jesus’ death II. The Spread of Christianity the Romans soon outlawed Christianity, viewing it as an attack on Roman religion & law martyrs - persons put to death for their beliefs in the A.D. 200s, after the era of the Five Good Emperors, violence & unrest again shook the Roman Empire & many turned to Christianity for hope by the A.D. 300s the Christian church had become so large that the government could not punish all its members; in response, Roman law accepted Christianity as a religion III. The Romans Adopt Christianity in A.D. 312 Constantine declared his support for Christianity, thus improving the situation greatly in A.D. 391 Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire during the later years of the empire, the Christian church became well organized Pope Patriarchs Bishops Priest bishops - heads of the Catholic Church in major cities patriarchs - bishops of the administrative centers for the church in the last years of the Roman Empire pope - title assumed by the patriarch of Rome & head of the Catholic Church in A.D. 325 the council at Nicaea wrote down the main beliefs of the church & claimed the existence of the Trinity, a central belief of Christians Jesus Personally taught in Judea Spread of Christianity Acceptance & Organization Disciples deliver message Accepted by Romans (Constantine) Spreads slowly through empire Made official religion Outlawed by the Romans Organization of church Christians were persecuted Council of Nicaea set down beliefs Gained followers Crucified Believed to be risen from the dead Section 6: The Fall of the Western Empire I. Troubled Times Arise between A.D. 235 & A.D. 284, many competed for the title of emperor, & invaders threatened the borders & civil war tore at the empire A. Rising Inflation inflation - rise in prices caused by a decrease in the value of the medium of exchange (silver) B. Increasing Insecurity as the economic crisis deepened & attacks on the borders continued, daily life became harder for many people II. Two Able Emperors Attempt Reform A. Diocletian a general in the Roman army, Diocletian was made emperor in A.D. 284 & realized he needed a co-emperor to help manage the large empire under Diocletian’s rule, defense & security came first, individual freedom second B. Constantine Constantine - became sole emperor in A.D. 324; best remembered for supporting Christianity throughout the Roman Empire & for creating a new capital in the East—Constantinople as the western empire grew weaker & weaker, the eastern empire became the center of power & wealth two empires now existed, one in the East and one in the West III. The Final Invasions the most troublesome of the invaders were the Germans A. The Goths & the Vandals B. The Huns C. Results of the Invasions different tribal kingdoms were set up, making it impossible to rule a united empire over time, learning declined & knowledge of the world & the past declined IV. Causes of the Decline no such thing as a single fall occurred; instead, the western empire gradually declined & the eastern empire remained until A.D. 1453 A. Political & Military Weaknesses inadequate government for the size of the empire competition for power army interference made the government unstable dependence on German troops B. Economic Decline expense of defending & maintaining the empire heavy taxes loss of income decline of manufacturing & agriculture C. Social Change too many poor loss of patriotism, interest in government, & political honesty