Download AHSGE Biology Review

AHSGE Biology Review
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abiotic factors – nonliving factors in an environment such as rocks, soil, sunlight, temperature
acid rain – rain that is acidic, even if only slightly, due to chemical reactions in the atmosphere between chemicals such as car
exhaust with water vapor making sulfuric acid
active transport – movement of substances across the cell membrane that require energy ex. Endocytosis, exocytosis, pinocytosis
adaptation (protective adaptation) – characteristic that helps an organism survive its environment, such as the grasping hands of
primates
adenine – nitrogenous base found on DNA that binds to thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA
aerobic – respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen that produces a net of 36 molecules of ATP for every molecule of
glucose, ex. Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain
agar – nutrient that is used to grow bacteria – agar is the food that is poured into a Petri dish when bacteria are grown for an
experiment
allele – different forms of the same gene
amino acids – building blocks of proteins, 20 of them are used to make all of our proteins
ammonia – chemical found in the air, soil, water, and plants that is an important source of nitrogen in the environment
amphibian – animals that have legs, but do not have watertight skin or eggs, so they must return to the water to reproduce, ex.
Frogs and salamanders
anaerobic – respiration that takes place in the absence of oxygen and produces a net of 2 molecules of ATP for every molecule of
glucose – ex. Fermentation
angiosperms –vascular plants that produce seeds in flowers, ex. Apple trees
Animalia – kingdom containing heterotrophic, multicellular organisms
aquatic biomes (freshwater and marine) – biomes that consist of water areas, ex. Ocean (marine) biomes, and freshwater (lakes
and ponds)
Archaebacteria – kingdom of bacteria that includes many extremophiles such as the thermophiles which live in extremely hot
areas such as hot springs
asexual reproduction – reproduction that requires only one parent, ex. Budding – offspring “bud” or grow off of the parent,
fragmentation – a piece of the parent is broken off and becomes a new organism, fission – the parent copies it’s DNA and then
splits into two new organisms; no genetic diversity
asymmetry – a lack of symmetrical organization
ATP/adenosine triphosphate – chemical compound used by living organisms to store and release energy – energy currency of the
cell
autotrophs – organisms that are able to make their own food from sunlight or chemicals; producers ex. Plants
bacteria – single-celled organisms with no membrane bound organelles, many are harmful but many are useful for making
vaccines, flavoring food, etc.
behavioral adaptation – behavior that helps one survive its environment, ex. Bird migration
bilateral symmetry – organization of the body where the left and right halves are mirror images ex. butterfly
binomial nomenclature – two-part scientific name for an organism, Latin name, made up of genus and species, genus is
capitalized, species is not, usually italicized, ex. Acer rubrum
biodiversity – all of the many different living organisms in an area
biomes – physical environment that has characteristic plants and animals mainly due to climate
biosphere – area of the Earth where all life is found, extends from the bottom of the ocean to above the mountains
biotic factors – living factors in an environment ex. Plants, animals
bromeliads – plants of the pineapple family and includes Spanish moss
budding – type of asexual reproduction in which the offspring “bud” or grow off of the parent, a group of cells grows on a parent
organism and eventually detaches to become a separate organism
camouflage – adaptation of some animals that helps them avoid predators or capture prey, often times by colors that allow them to
blend in with the environment, ex. Chameleon changes color to match the plant life around it
carbohydrates – energy storage molecules (sugars) made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
carbon cycle – cycle of the nutrient carbon through the environment, carbon is in the air as carbon dioxide and in the ground,
plants carry on photosynthesis and use the carbon dioxide to make sugars in the form of carbohydrates, then animals eat the plants
taking the carbon from the carbohydrates and getting energy, when the animals die, the carbon can either be given off to the air as
the animal decomposes, or be put into the ground during decomposition where it is picked up by plants to be used again
carbon dioxide – gas found in the air, plants use it to carry on photosynthesis, releasing oxygen, animals take in oxygen and give
off carbon dioxide
35. catalyst – substance that lowers the activation energy (energy needed to start a reaction) of a reaction, but is not affected by the
reaction
36. cell – smallest unit of life, all living things are made of one or more cells
37. cell membrane – barrier that separates a cell from it’s surroundings
38. cell wall – rigid barrier found around some cells such as bacteria and plant cells that separates it from its surroundings and gives it
structure
39. cellular respiration – process in cells used to break down glucose and produce ATP, all organisms carry on cellular respiration
even if they are photosynthetic
40. chemical defense – chemicals that some plants have to help protect them from predators that might eat them, ex. Poison ivy
41. chloroplast – organelle found in photosynthetic organisms such as plants and some algae that contain the chlorophyll and are the
site of photosynthesis
42. chromosomes/ genetic information – single strand of DNA tightly coiled around a special protein that carries genetic information
from one cell to another (from parent to child)
43. cilia – hairlike projections found on the outside of a cell that aid the cell in moving by moving back and forth causing a current
and the cell moves or may be found lining certain tracts in the body, such as the respiratory tract, that remove particulates from
the air
44. classification – grouping things in particular ways in order to identify them
45. clear-cutting – removing all of the trees from an area, does not leave any to continue growing and allow the land to recover, leads
to erosion since the tree roots would hold the ground in place
46. codominance – when two traits are fully expressed at the same time, ex. A roan horse is a mixture of red and white, both are
expressed so the fur is red and white both, ex. Blood type, A, B, O, blood type is either AB, AO, BO, or OO
47. cold-blooded (ectothermic) – organisms whose metabolism cannot maintain their body temperatures and systems on their own,
they must get their energy from the environment
48. color blindness – sex-linked genetic disorder that causes the one affected by it to only see certain colors, such as green
49. combustion – reaction that takes place when oxygen is added to a system and carbon dioxide is given off, burning of fuels that
gives of carbon dioxide to the environment
50. commensalism – symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped, ex. Barnacles
on a whale, the whale is not affected, but the barnacle gets to move from place to place to get food
51. communities – populations of different species living in one place at one time
52. concentration gradient – situation where the concentration of substance on one side of a cell membrane is higher than the
concentration of the substance on the other side of the cell membrane
53. condensation – water vapor getting heavier and turning back into liquid
54. cone – reproductive structure of gymnosperms (spruce, fir, pine) or conifers
55. conservation – preserving things, such as ecosystems, animals, or even genes from certain plants or animals to have in the future
56. consumers – organisms that cannot make their own food, and must get their energy by consuming other organisms; heterotrophs
57. contractile vacuole – structure found in freshwater protozoa that is used to regulate the amount of water found in the protozoan, if
there is too much water, the vacuole contracts squeezing water out
58. cotyledons – first embryonic seed leaves of a plant, monocots have 1 seed leaf while dicots have 2
59. crossing over – exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes (chromosomes that code for the same things)
60. cross-pollination – transferring the pollen from one flower to a flower on a different plant
61. cystic fibrosis – genetic disorder that is inherited in a recessive disorder that causes a buildup of thick sticky mucus in the lungs
and digestive organs
62. –cyte – suffix meaning hollow, as a cell or container
63. cytoplasm – fluid in the cell that holds the cell together, includes cytoskeleton and all organelles except the nucleus
64. cytosine – nitrogenous base that binds with guanine in DNA and RNA
65. decomposers – organisms that break down dead organisms to obtain energy
66. decomposition – type of chemical reaction where substances are broken down, or the process of dead organisms breaking down
and returning the nutrients back to the Earth
67. deforestation – removing all of the trees from an area
68. deletion – mutation in which a chromosome or part of the chromosome breaks off and is lost
69. denitrification – process of converting nitrate into nitrogen gas
70. density-dependent limiting factors – factors such as resources that affect a population growth and the effect they have on the
population depends on the population density of the population that uses them ex. Predation, number of organisms in an area
71. density-independent limiting factors – factors such as environmental factors that affect a population and its growth, ex.
Temperature, oxygen supply
72. dependent/independent variable – variables in a scientific experiment, the dependent variable is the one that is measured, while
the independent variable changes but is not measured when determining the outcome of the experiment
73. desert (Antarctica) – dry biome that receives very little rainfall per year, may be cold such as Antarctica and contain very short
shrubs or short grasses, or hot and contain cacti
74. dichotomous key – tool that allows the user to determine the identity of objects found in the real world by following a chart and
clues in the chart
75. dicots – angiosperm that has two cotyledons, net venation, and flower parts in groups of four or five, ex. petunia
76. diffusion – movement of a substance across a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
without the use of energy
77. dihybrid cross – diagram used to study inheritance for organisms differing in two traits, ex. Crossing pea plants that have flower
color and seed shape inherited independently
78. diploid (2n) – cell containing the full number of chromosomes (46 in a human); two copies of each chromosome, one from each
parent
79. diversity (within species) – number of different species in an area
80. DNA/ deoxyribonucleic acid – material in a cell that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics
81. dominant allele – allele that is expressed whenever it is present, even if the organism is heterozygous for a trait
82. down syndrome – genetic disorder caused by an extra 21st chromosome (trisomy 21) that results in mental retardation
83. dynamic equilibrium – condition in which the parts of a system are in continuous motion, but move in opposing directions at
equal rates so the system as a whole does not change
84. ecological succession – process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time, primary succession
occurs where nothing has ever been before, such as new growth on a newly formed volcanic island, secondary growth occurs after
a natural disaster destroys what has been there such as grass growing back after a forest fire, the final result should be a climax
community that is in equilibrium with nature
85. ecosystems – community of organisms and their abiotic environment
86. egg – female reproductive cell, contains half the number of chromosomes
87. embryo – organism in the early stage of development of plants and animals
88. endocytosis – active process of cells taking in particles by surrounding them in a vesicle and bringing them into the cell
89. endoskeleton – internal skeleton
90. energy pyramid – graphical representation of the trophic levels through which solar energy enters the environment and is
transferred through the environment, shows the number of organisms, biomass and energy available at each level
91. enzymes – biological catalysts, protein that speeds up metabolic reactions without being permanently destroyed or changed
92. estuary – area where fresh water from rivers mixes with salt water from the ocean
93. Eubacteria – kingdom of bacteria that includes many of the helpful bacteria as well as the bacteria that cause disease
94. eukaryotic cells (eukaryote) – cell that has membrane bound organelles, most eukaryotes are multicellular
95. evaporation – the change of a substance from a liquid to a gas
96. exocytosis – process of a substance being released from a cell by being placed in a vesicle which fuses with the cell membrane
and then is excreted from the cell
97. exoskeleton – external skeleton
98. fission (binary fission/ bacterial fission) – splitting of one organism into two, binary fission is the asexual reproduction of
bacteria, the DNA is copied and then the organism splits into two separate bacteria
99. flagella – long, hairlike structures protruding from the surface of a cell that enable it to move, sperm move by flagella
100. food chain – pathway of energy through the various feeding stages as a result of feeding patterns of a series of organisms
101. food web – diagram that shows the feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem
102. fossil fuels - nonrenewable energy resource formed from the remains of organisms that lived long ago, ex. Coal, oil, natural gas
103. fruit – mature plant ovary, plant organ in which a seed is enclosed in angiosperms
104. fungi – Kingdom that contains mostly multicellular organisms that are heterotrophic with cell walls made of chitin, ex.
Mushrooms, yeast are single-celled fungi; the body of a fungus is made up of a string of cells called the hyphae that bunch
together to form a mycelium
105. genes – segment of DNA that is located in a chromosome and codes for a specific trait
106. genetic code – the amino acids and “start” and “stop” signals coded for by each of the possible 64 mRNA codons
107. genetic variation – genetic diversity that represents the total of genetic characteristics observed within a species
108. genetics – scientific study of heredity; Gregor Mendel is considered father of genetics
109. genotype/ genotypic percentage (ratio) – set of genes or alleles a person has inherited; genotypic ratio is the ratio of inherited
genes, ex. 3 to 1 ratio for heterozygous dominant (Rr) to homozygous recessive (rr)
110. genus – taxonomic category that contains similar species
111. glacial lake – lake that originates where a glacier melts
112. glucose – simple sugar; primary source of energy for animals
113. Golgi body – packaging and distribution center of a cell
114. grassland – biome characterized by mild to warm temperatures having grass and the main plant life
115. groundwater – water found beneath Earth’s surface
116. guanine – nitrogenous base that bonds to cytosine, found in DNA and RNA
117. gymnosperms – vascular plants that produce seeds in cones; conifers, ex. Spruce, fir, pine
118. habitat – the place an organism lives
119. haploid (n) – a cell with half the number of chromosomes ex. Egg and sperm
120. hemophilia – genetic disorder that is sex-linked that prevents the blood from clotting
121. heterotrophs – organisms that cannot make their own food from sunlight, they must consume other organisms to get the nutrients
they need
122. heterozygous – when an organism has inherited two different alleles for a trait; Rr
123. hibernation – state that some animals enter when their body systems slow down, characterized by lower body temperature and
slower breathing that enables them to conserve energy; occurs especially during winter months, may last several days or weeks
124. homeostasis – ability to maintain stable internal conditions, ex. Temperature – endothermic animals such as humans have a stable
temperature no matter what the outside temperature
125. homozygous – when an organism has inherited two of the same alleles for a trait; RR or rr
126. incomplete dominance – when both sets of inherited alleles are expressed ex. Red and white snapdragons are crossed and the
offspring receive the allele for red and the offspring for white, the result is pink snapdragon because one is not completely
dominant over the other
127. infiltration – the diffusion or accumulation of substances in a tissue or cells that are not normal to the tissue or not in normal
amounts
128. insertion – genetic mutation where a chromosome or part of a chromosome is inserted where it wasn’t before
129. interdependence – fact that all life depends on each other for survival; animals depend on plants for food, plants depend on
animals for carbon dioxide to carry on photosynthesis
130. inversion – genetic mutation where a chromosome or part of a chromosome is broken off and then turned upside down and put
back in place
131. invertebrates – animals without a backbone
132. lichens – symbiotic relationship between fungi and a photosynthetic partner such as algae that grows on rocks or tree trunks and is
sensitive to air pollution; provides fungi with nutrients and provides photosynthetic partner with minerals
133. lipids – one of the four macromolecules of metabolism; fats
134. locomotion (of types of organisms) – movement, amoeba move by false feet or cytoplasmic extensions called pseudopods, other
protists and some bacteria move by flagella, some organisms move by cilia
135. mammal – animals that are warm-blooded, have hair, specialized teeth, and mammary glands to nurse their young
136. mass – the amount of matter in an object
137. meiosis – division of the nucleus that results in four daughter cells, each having half the number of chromosomes as the original
cell; formation of gametes, egg and sperm
138. Mendel’s Laws – Gregor Mendel developed the principles of heredity due to his studies with pea plants and came up with several
laws including the Law of Independent Assortment which says that two or more pairs of alleles segregate independently of one
another during gamete formation, meaning that since you get one allele from mom and one from dad, during meiosis, they
separate independently so you may get the eye color gene from mom and the hair color gene from dad, you don’t have to get all
from the same parent
139. metabolism – all of the chemical processes in the body
140. migration – an organism moving from one environment to a more suitable environment for a season, ex. Ducks flying south for
the winter
141. mimicry – animals imitating another for protection from predators, ex. Some flies look like bees which keep other animals away
from them
142. mitochondrion – the “powerhouse of the cell”; organelle that produces ATP in the cell
143. mitosis – nuclear division that results in two cells, each having an exact copy of the chromosomes that were present in the parent
cell
144. Monera – kingdom comprised of all bacteria
145. monocots – plants that produces seeds that have only one cotyledon, parallel leaves, and flower parts in multiples of three
146. monohybrid cross – genetic cross comparing one pair of traits
147. multicelluar – organism containing many cells
148. multiple alleles – when there are more than two alleles or versions of a gne for a genetic trait
149. mutagens – agents that cause a mutations, ex. Radiation, chemicals, UV light
150. mutation – change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule
151. mutualism – symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit
152. native organisms – organisms which naturally occur in an area
153. natural disasters – disasters caused by natural forces rather than by human action, ex. Earthquake, tornado, flood
154. nitrates – inorganic compounds made of NO3 which is a salt of nitric acid
155. nitrites – inorganic compounds made of NO2 which is a salt of nitrous
156. nitrogen cycle – the cycle of nitrogen through the environment where nitrogen in the atmosphere is turned into a usable form by
nitrogen fixing bacteria in the soil, then plants use the nitrogen and store it, then when animals eat the plants they get the nitrogen
and use it, then when the animals die, it is returned to the soil to be reused
157. nitrogen oxide – chemical compound with formula NO that is a signaling molecule in mammals and is an air pollutant found in
cigarette smoke, automobile engines, and power plants
158. non-native species (invasive) – plants that do not normally live in an area but have been brought to that area by someone, may do
harm to the area; ex. Kudzu in North America was brought here to prevent erosion, but it took over many areas and choked out
native plants
159. nonvascular plants – plants that do not contain an internal system of tubing for carrying food, minerals, and water through the
plant
160. nucleic acids – macromolecules made of chains of nucleotides, may be either RNA or DNA and contain hereditary information
for living orgnaisms
161. nucleolus – non-membrane bound structure composed of protein and nucleic acids found within the nucleus of cells where
ribosomal RNA is made
162. nucleotide – structural unit of nucleic acids made of a sugar (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA), a phosphate group, and a
nitrogen base (adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine in DNA or adenine, guanine, uracil, or cytosine in RNA)
163. nucleus – membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells that is the control center of the cell, contains the cell’s hereditary
information
164. offspring – product of reproduction, may be formed by sexual reproduction which is a genetic combination of the male parent and
female parent’s genes, or of asexual reproduction which only gets a copy of one parent’s genes
165. organ systems – groups of similar organs that work together to perform a specific function ex. Respiratory system is made up of
lungs, trachea, etc.
166. organelles – membrane-bound sections of eukaryotic cells that have specific functions ex. Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus,
endoplasmic reticulum
167. organisms – any living thing
168. organs – groups of similar tissues working together to perform a specific function ex. Lungs are made up of lung tissue
169. osmosis – movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without the use of energy
170. ovaries – female reproductive organs where eggs are produced
171. oxygen cycle – cycle where oxygen is transferred between the atmosphere, to plants in photosynthesis in the form of carbon
dioxide then given off as oxygen, taken in by animals and given off as carbon dioxide to be used again
172. ozone – compound of three oxygen atoms found in the stratosphere that protects the Earth from ultraviolet rays of the sun
173. parasite – organism that feeds on the body fluids of another
174. parasitism – symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is harmed
175. passive transport – movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration that does not
require the use of energy
176. pedigree – family tree that shows the relationships between several generations of a family and may show the inheritance of a
genetic disorder
177. peptidoglycan – molecule made of sugar and amino acid that is found in the cell membrane of certain bacteria
178. permafrost – frozen ground of the tundra
179. permeable/impermeable – permeable is the ability for things to go through another substance such as the cell membrane;
impermeable substances do not allow other things to go through them
180. phenotype/phenotypic percentage – the physical appearance of a trait, such as blue eyes, blond hair, determined by the genetic
makeup; the phenotypic ratio can be determined by using a Punnett square and calculating how many offspring could be predicted
to inherit each type of trait
181. phenylketonuria (PKU) – genetic disorder inherited in a recessive manner that prevents the body from breaking down the amino
acid phenylalanine
182. phosphorus – element that makes up less than 4% of all the elements in living things, plays a vital role in ATP and nucleotides so
it is vital to life
183. photosynthesis – process of taking sunlight and carbon dioxide and turning it into a sugar and oxygen
184. pistil – female reproductive structure of a flower, made of the stigma, style, and ovary
185. plankton – base of the aquatic food web made of tiny drifting organisms including plants, animals, and bacteria
186. Plantae – Kingdom that includes multicellular, autotrophic organisms
187. pollination – process by which pollen is transferred in plants; plant fertilization
188. populations – all of the members of one species living together in one place at one time
189. precipitation – water falling from the sky in many different forms such as rain, sleet, snow, or hail
190. predation – relationship where one organism actively hunts and kills another
191. predator – organism that hunts and kills another for food
192. prey – animal that is hunted and killed as food
193. producers – organisms that can make their own food; autotrophs
194. products – substances that are produced in a chemical reaction
195. prokaryotic cell (prokaryote) – single-celled organism that does not haver membrane-bound organelles; only examples are
bacteria
196. propagation (vegetative propagation) – reproduction of plants using plant cells, tissues, or organs;the production of more plants by
seeds, cuttings, grafting or other methods
197. protein synthesis – assembling amino acids to make proteins from the blue prints of DNA that are copied to mRNA; takes place in
the cytoplasm
198. proteins – long chains of amino acids known as polypeptides
199. Protista – kingdom made of multicellular and unicellular organisms with various feeding styles; most diverse kingdom
200. pseudopodia – false feet; amoeba move by cytoplasmic extensions known as pseudopodia
201. quarternary level in food chains – feeding level that is highest in most food chains, most food chains do not go beyond four
because too much energy is lost at each level and not enough is left to support life beyond that; grass is eaten by a fly(primary
level), which is eaten by a fish (secondary level)that is eaten by a bigger fish (tertiary level)that is eaten by an eagle, the eagle
would be feeding on the quarternary level
202. radial symmetry – organisms whose body parts are arranged around a central point like a tire around a wheel
203. rainforest – biome characterized by high rainfall, poor soil, and the most diverse amount of plants and animals in the world
204. reactants – the starting chemicals of a chemical reaction
205. recessive allele – allele or copy of a gene that you must have two copies of to inherit a trait
206. recombinant DNA – DNA made from two different species that is cut apart and recombined to make a new combination of DNA
207. replication – copying DNA, the DNA unwinds and new bases come in and attach to each of the halves of DNA, making carbon
copies of the original, each consisting of one-half old DNA and one-half new DNA
208. reproduction – process of making new organisms from parents, either sexually or asexually
209. reptiles – ectothermic animals that must get their heat from the environment, but have watertight skin and eggs so they don’t dry
out and can reproduce on land
210. ribosomal RNA – type of RNA that plays a structural role in proteins
211. ribosome – part of the cell where proteins are made; site where translation takes place
212. RNA/ ribonucleic acid – single stranded nucleic acid made of ribose sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base, either adenine, uracil,
guanine, or cytosine
213. roots (fibrous/tap) – structure of plant that anchors it to the ground and absorbs water and nutrients from the ground; two main
types are fibrous (many hairlike structures extending over a long distance such as grasses) and tap roots (one large central root
such as a carrot)
214. rough endoplasmic reticulum – organelle inside a eukaryotic cell that is made of folded membranes that is an important site for
manufacturing lipids and many proteins; called rough because it has ribosomes embedded in it
215. seed – small embryo of a plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat that contains its own food supply
216. self-pollination – form of pollination that occurs when a flower has both male and female reproductive structures and pollen is
transferred from the anther of the flower to the stigma of the same flower or to different flowers on the same plant
217. semi-arid/ arid – region that receives low annual rainfall, but more rainfall than a desert
218. semi-permeable membrane (selectively) – membrane that controls what enters and leaves the cell, allowing certain things to enter
the cells and preventing others from entering
219. sex-linked trait – trait that is carried on the X chromosome so that the female is the carrier but males inherit the trait
220. sexual reproduction – reproduction resulting from the crossing of genes from two parents; results in increased genetic diversity
because the offspring get genes from both mom and dad
221. sickle cell anemia – genetic disorder inherited in a recessive manner that results in the production of misshapen or sickle shaped
red blood cells that are unable to correctly carry hemoglobin
222. smooth endoplasmic reticulum - organelle inside a eukaryotic cell that is made of folded membranes that is an important site for
manufacturing lipids and many proteins; called smooth because it does not have ribosomes embedded in it
223. solute – substance that is dissolved in another
224. solution – homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
225. solvent – substance that dissolves another mixture
226. species – most specific taxonomic category
227. sperm – male reproductive cell
228. spontaneous generation - idea that life could evolve from nonliving things
229. spores – reproductive structure adapted for surviving long periods of time in unfavorable conditions
230. stamen – male reproductive structure of a flower; consists of the anther and filament
231. stomata – openings in the leaf of a plant and allow for gas exchange with the environment
232. succession – progression of life in an environment; first things to grow in an environment is primary succession, second things to
grow, such as after a fire would be secondary succession
233. succulents – plants that have thick leaves that store water and can survive dry climates
234. surface runoff – water that is found on the surface of the earth and runs off into bodies of water such as creeks, streams, lakes and
rivers
235. symbiotic- close, long-term relationship between two different organisms
236. symmetry (body symmetry) – body arrangement – may be bilateral symmetry where left and right halves are mirror images such
as a butterfly, or may be radially symmetrical where body parts are arranged around a central point like a jellyfish, other animals
have no body symmetry and are asymmetrical such as the sponge
237. Taiga (coniferous forest) – forest that is usually found in climates that are between deciduous and tundra, consist mainly of
conifer trees (evergreen trees that produce seeds in cones – gymnosperms)
238. taxonomy (taxonomic classes) – science of naming and classifying organisms – Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus,
Species
239. Tay-Sachs disease – fatal genetic disorder that causes fatty material to build up in the nerves and brain
240. deciduous forest – forest composed primarily of deciduous trees (trees that lose their leaves in the winter), found in climates
between tropical and cold
241. terrestrial biomes – biomes that are made up of areas found on land
242. testes – male reproductive organs that produce sperm
243. thymine – nitrogenous base that is found in DNA that binds to adenine
244. tissues – groups of cells that work together for the same specific function
245. toxicity – how poisonous a substance is
246. transcription – taking the information in DNA and making mRNA from it – the DNA unwinds, and mRNA bases come in and
bind to the DNA making a copy of ½ of the DNA
247. translation – process of taking the information in mRNA and assembling proteins – mRNA with its three letter codons goes into
the cytoplasm and tRNA has the anticodons and the anticodons are attached to an amino acid, the tRNA takes its amino acids and
when the anticodons bind to the codons, the amino acids bond together forming peptide bonds, many amino acids make a protein
248. translocation – chromosomal mutation that occurs if a broken piece of a chromosome reattaches to another chromosome
249. transpiration – water evaporating from plants
250. trophic levels – each “step” in a food chain that represents the feeding level of the organisms
251. tundra – biome characterized by cold temperatures, high winds, small plants, and frozen permafrost most of the year, known as
cold desert, inhabitants include bushes, shrubs, jack rabbits, bison
252. turgor pressure – pressure that supports plants, caused by water in the plant
253. unicellular – made of one cell, the cell must carry on every process and so it is not specialized
254. uracil – nitrogenous base found in RNA that binds to adenine – it is thymine in DNA
255. vacuole – in plant cells, water is stored in a centrally located large vesicle called the central vacuole
256. variation (within species) – differences in species, such as height, hair color, size, shape, etc.
257. vascular bundles – bunches of vascular tissue that grow together in plants
258. vascular plants – plants that have a system of tubes to carry water and nutrients throughout the plant – xylem is the tissue made of
hard, dead cells that carries water through the plant and phloem is made of soft, flexible tissue that carries nutrients throughout the
plant
259. venation (venation patterns) – leaves of plants have vascular veins running through them, monocots have parallel veins (corn leaf)
and dicots have branched veins (maple leaf)
260. vertebrates – animals with a back bone
261. vesicle – small container used to contain substances or carry substances into and out of cells
262. volume – amount of space an object occupies, measured in liters, can be found using a graduated cylinder
263. warm-blooded (endothermic) – organisms that can maintain their internal body temperature through their own metabolism
regardless of the external temperatures
264. water cycle – cycle of precipitation, evaporation and condensation of water that cycles through the environment – water drops fall
from the sky as precipitation (rain, sleet, snow, etc.) then the water evaporates from the ground or oceans, rivers, streams, etc. and
the water vapor enters the atmosphere where it condenses back into droplets and falls back to the ground as precipitation
265. wetlands – land that is covered in water a large part of the year
266. names of certain equipment
267. hypertonic – solution that has more solute than the cell so water would move out of the cell into the solution; for example if a cell
containing 10% salt solution is placed in a 20% salt solution, water would move out of the cell into the solution because there are
more free water molecules inside of the cell than outside, meaning the water molecules are connected to the salt molecules and
there are more salt particles outside the cell so there are more attached water molecules and fewer free water molecules for them
so the water will move out
268. hypotonic - solution that has less solute than the cell so water would move into the cell; for example if a cell containing 20% salt
solution is placed in a 10% salt solution, water would move into the cell out of the solution because there are more free water
molecules outside of the cell than inside, meaning the water molecules are connected to the salt molecules and there are more salt
particles inside the cell so there are more attached water molecules and fewer free water molecules for them so the water will
move in
269. isotonic – solution that has the same amount of solute as the cell so the same amount of liquid will move in as move out
270. Punnett square – diagram used to determine the inheritance of traits
Ex. Crossing a heterozygous trait for red eyes (Rr) with a heterozygous (Rr)
R
r
RR
Rr
R
Rr
rr
r
25% would be homozygous red (RR), 50% would be heterozygous red (Rr), and 25% would be homozygous white (rr)