Download Foreword

PT 05-08-09 version3
Determination of the impact of genetics, environment and
manufacturing processes on wood cell ultra structure, biopolymer
interactions and composition of ligno-cellulosic materials: implications
for value addition and new product innovation in the forest products
industry.
Document of the COST Action E54
Introduction
This document is designed as an overview of broad based multi-institutional, multidisciplinary research ideas, which is being developed within the framework of COST action
E54 related to the above title. Key benefits and outcomes accruing from the process are
anticipated to include the following:

Identify key research challenges and their potential importance to industry and
broader society

Identify gaps in our knowledge base that could form the basis for new proposals
and/or capacity building

Suggested areas of research, Identify key technologies and competencies required
to address the research challenges

A list of potential collaborators, their areas of interest, competencies and research
facilities. This information will facilitate the development of better networks and
capacity to develop proposals into the future

Listing existing research programmes to facilitate the identification and development
of future synergies between research groups. This will support the more effective
development of broad based, multidisciplinary proposals into the future.

The document could be used as a basis for application for funding for the following
types of projects.

EU FP7 proposals

Development of new COST Proposals
Page 1 of 20
PT 05-08-09 version3

Development of proposals to be submitted to national research councils.
National research councils find proposals more attractive if they are part of
multinational research proposals in which international synergies are clearly
identified.
Context
The main objective of COST E54 is to assess the fine structure and composition of
different papermaking fibres during and after pulping processes, and different ways of fibre
treatment including recycling.
The architecture of wood and plant cell walls is known to play a major role in the properties
of fibre-based materials. A good deal of work has been carried out to look at issues such
as the impact of wall thickness, cell diameter, lumen diameter and the chemical
composition. This work has improved our prediction of the strength properties of solid
wood and wood based materials such as pulp and paper.
When processing wood and plant fibre the target is generally limited to a narrow, specific
product such as pulp and paper where the residual components of wood have traditionally
been seen as waste material. The pulp and paper industry and the forest products
industry in Europe is under increasing pressure to add value not only to the primary
product of manufacture but also to utilise the residuals in higher value applications.
This is leading to a change in mindset within the forest products industry in which the wood
and other ligno-cellulosic material is increasingly being compared with the oil industry, with
the development of the bio-refinery concept in which, the goal is to generate an in depth
characterisation of the resource (a complexed package of bio-polymers) and to extract
different components of the wood and add the highest possible value in a range of
different end use applications. Some of these applications take the form of a radical
departure from traditional forest products industries.
The renewed interest concerning the development of new plant and wood based
biomaterials has led to some very recent advances in our understanding of ultra-structural
knowledge of the plant cell wall. However this work has only further pointed out the
complexity of the arrangement of the biopolymer c
Page 2 of 20
PT 05-08-09 version3
With a limited understanding of the “critical “ components of cell structure, their interactions
and roles within the cell and the genes that control them we are constrained in our ability
to improve these elements through breeding or other approaches such as genetic
modification. This lack of knowledge also limits our ability to effectively utilise the different
cell wall components in new and existing processes and products.
Key research challenges
The key research challenges are to characterise the different cell wall components,
determine how they interact, and develop methods to extract, separate, refine and process
them into new, high value products in the most efficient way possible.
To date, traditional forest products industries have focussed on optimizing the “primary”
process. However, since we have a poor understanding of how these processes influence
and change cell wall ultrastructure and overall composition, these processes may alter the
cell wall assembly of the bio-polymers in unintentional ways that lead to suboptimal
extraction and utilisation of the residual material. In other words, we need to improve our
understanding of the arrangement of the fibre wall components and the impact of different
processes such as conventional pulping (chemical and mechanical) and non conventional
processes (such as enzymatic and thermal treatment) on these structures and biopolymer
interactions. This understanding is critical if we are to manufacture different potential end
products (of the best quality) in the most efficient and effective manner. The same also
goes for activities in areas such as tree breeding and genetic modification. We need to
know at a fundamental level how genetic changes impact on biopolymer interactions, cell
structure and function.
Overview of proposed research activities

Improve our understanding of how and why the cell wall structure is organized at
the ultra-structural and supra-molecular levels. This requires the further
development of techniques such as immunolabelling and the use of carbohydrate
binding modules and suites of analytical techniques. The outcome of such a
research program should lead to significant improvements in our ability to more
effectively utilise wood and other plant materials as a resource into the future.
Page 3 of 20
PT 05-08-09 version3

Better understanding of biopolymer composition, structure, function and interaction
at the micro-fibril and cell level will be generated using a range of tools listed in
Annexure 2.
 Determine the role of enzymes and macromolecules in cell wall formation
 Improving our ability to model mechanical properties of the cell wall
o Develop new approaches to model cell structure and the interaction between
different cell components that allow us to better understand their role and the
implications of changing the relative proportions and structure of these
components. E.g. change in hemicellulose or lignin content and its
distribution within the cell wall layers.
o Validation of cell wall models through the testing of pulp, individual cells and
cell components such as micro fibrils using micro/nano robotics.
 Develop an understanding of the genes and environmental factors controlling cell
wall metabolism. This requires an understanding of genetics, bioinformatics and
plant physiology. This work should assist us in understanding of the impact of
improved genetics (breeding and genetic modification) on cell ultrastructure,
chemical composition and bio-polymer interactions. This in turn should support the
development of more focussed breeding and genetic improvement programmes.

Use automated micro/nano robotics approaches for adaptive manufacturing of
higher value products in prototype or pilot scale facilities.

Develop automated single fibre testing

Use of the above knowledge to enhance tree breeding and plant modification
programmes

Determine new and more efficient mechanisms for how to take a fibre wall apart.
This is expected to incorporate mechanical, chemical and enzymatic approaches to
fibre wall disintegration

Re-assembly/self assembly. We need to develop or refine processes for the
manufacture of high value products that can more effectively or efficiently utilise the
different cell wall constituents.

Explore opportunities for the development of new materials. This means taking a
much broader approach to materials science than the forestry and forest products
community is perhaps considering at present. We need to agree upon a terminology
to describe this approach. It could be referred to as bio-refinery in its broadest
sense but it was felt that this term is generally seen as referring to the biofuels
Page 4 of 20
PT 05-08-09 version3
industry. It should be noted that biofuels could well be considered as part of the
research activities being proposed under this umbrella document.

With improved knowledge of cell wall ultrastructure and composition, look at the
development of improved, higher value, traditional pulp and paper products and
manufacturing processes. Areas suggested for consideration so far:

Recovered paper/ higher value paper products. This could include:
o A detailed study on the type of fibre damage during repeating cycles and its
impact on fibre properties using SEM and microrobotics.
o Building of new/improved products from recycled fibres. Many mills
exclusively utilize recovered papers as a raw material. However, they focus
on existing products such as paper and board, molded trays and boxes,
insulating material. Development in the area is slow due to the absence of
fresh knowledge on recycled fibres. Existing new research instruments
(Action E54) may create added value to the knowledge on the properties of
recyclable paper fibres, thus promoting building of new products.

Paper composites

Hydromel

Smart paper (integration of MEMS/NEMS, memory properties, other functionality)

Advanced insulating materials

Advanced growing substrates / culture mediums

Micro desktop factories for small quantities of specific products

Mechanical pulping and effects of refining on cell wall ultrastructure

Kraft pulping and loss of fibre strength during processing
Key competencies to be included in our proposal (more ideas to be added here)
Biofuels
Wood science
Pulp and paper science
Material science
Page 5 of 20
PT 05-08-09 version3
Polysaccharide and lignin chemistry
Plant science
Plant breeding/genetic modification
Plant physiology
Polymer chemistry/self-assembly
Cellulose derivatives/ textiles
Simulation/ modelling specialist discrete elements
Particle interactions
Nano-technology
Nano/micro robotics
Automation technology
Vision computing
Cellulose and lignin in pharmaceutical application and in food packaging
Page 6 of 20
PT 05-08-09 version3
Key questions for the Riga working group that need to be discussed as part of the
development of this document:

Identify a short list of possible research proposals highlighting elements of novelty,
and how they interact with neighbouring activities in the field.

What is the main objective of each research proposal (Research of tools for
industry? Producing knowledge?)

What sectors are going to be considered?

What are the needs and wishes of the addressed sectors (and branches of
industry)?

What is the time horizon of expected innovations? (Defined by the addressed
sectors and us.

How far do we wish to go in the implementation of new knowledge and/or
innovations (E.g. do we go to pilot style facilities?).
 Survey of calls and the contemporary status of the research field (EPNOE, ERANET, CORDIS…)
 A flow diagram appointing tasks, organizations and individuals.
Page 7 of 20
PT 05-08-09 version3
Annexure1
List of Institutions with a potential interest in research collaboration plus primary
point of contact and key competencies and existing relevant research
programmes/research interests.
This list is very preliminary and incorporates all information provided by institutions to date.
It needs to be made more comprehensive and edited where appropriate
Cambridge University (UK):
Department of Biochemistry. Key contact:Dr Paul Dupree
Key competencies: Plant sciences, genetic modification, polysaccharide analysis
Key research interests:
Developing strategies to improve plants and enzymes for increased sugar release
from biomass.
Key resources and technologies:

Cell wall sugar analysis, metabolomics, proteomics and bioinformatics

Discovery of genes controlling plant cell wall polysaccharide synthesis

Polysaccharide hydrolase enzyme discovery
Department of chemistry: Key Contact Dr Melinda Duer and Dr David Reid
Key competencies: Solid State NMR
Department of materials: Key contact: Prof Alan Windle,
Key competencies: Materials science, nanotechnology, XRay Diffraction, electron
microscopy, Raman spectroscopy.
University of Coimbra, Portugal
Department of Botany. Key contact: Prof Jorge Canhoto,
E-mail: [email protected]
Tel. + 351 239 798700
Fax: + 351 239 798703
Department of Chemical Engineering. Key contact: Prof Paulo Ferreira,
E-mail: [email protected]
Page 8 of 20
PT 05-08-09 version3
Tel. + 351 239 798700
Fax: + 351 239 79870
Research Centre in Chemical Engineering Processes and in Forestry Products
Key contact ?
Competences:
Plant genetic transformation (Arabidopsis and other species)
Characterisation of genes involved on cell proliferation
Plant breeding
Immuno labeling
Fluorescence microscopy
Plant Tissue Culture and micropropagation
Plant cell analysis by electron, scanning and confocal microscopy
Plant Physiology (Plant growth regulators and polyphenolics)
Pulp and Paper Science and Technology and Particle Science and Technology:
-
Analysis and characterization of pulps, fibres and fines
-
Characterization of paper fillers and pigments;
-
Pulp and paper surface studies: physico-chemical characterization;
-
Surface sizing, pigmentizing, nanocoating, and printability in woodfree printing and
writing papers;
-
Experimental and CFD simulation studies of the flow of pulp fibre suspensions;
-
Flocculation studies in papermaking;
-
Pulp and paper porosity studies;
-
Paper hygroexpansivity studies;
-
Wet-web resistance studies;
-
Papermaking potential of different species for printing papers;
Main Equipment available in the Departments or in other institutions at the University
Biochemical Oxygen Demand – BOD5
Chemical Oxygen Demand –COD
Confocal electron microscope
Contact angle measurements
Page 9 of 20
PT 05-08-09 version3
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA)
Electrophoresis Equipment
Elemental Analysis (EA)
Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)
Flow Laminar Chambers
Freeze dryer
GC, HPLC, FTIR, UV/VIS
GPC/SEC (with IR and evaporative light scattering detectors)
Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Greenhouses
Growth Culture Chambers
Helium pycnometry
HPLC/DAD
HPLC/SEC (with IR, light scattering and viscometer detectors)
IGC - Inverse Gas Chromatography
Ion chromatography – condutivity and electrochemical detectors
Laser diffraction spectrometry - LDS (0.05-1000 m)
LC-MS
Light microscope with CCD camera and image analysis software
Membrane Osmometer
Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry
Paper surface topography by optical profilometry
Photon Correlation Spectroscopy- PCS (3-3000 nm)
Print quality measurements (inkjet and offset)
Pulp disintegrator
Real Time PCR
Rotational Rheometer
Rotational Viscometers
Scanning Electron Microscope
Sheet formation, coating (laboratory and pilot) and calendering
Specific surface area analyzer (BET)
Thomas-Wiley intermediate mill
Total Organic Carbon –TOC
Page 10 of 20
PT 05-08-09 version3
Transmission Electron Microscope
Universal Equipment for mechanical tests (Chatillon)
Vapour Pressure Osmometer
Zeta-potential measurements
Oxford University (UK):
Department of Materials: Key contact:Prof Patrick Grant
Key competencies: Electron Microscopy, Materials science, Self assembly, Raman
spectroscopy, nanotechnology.
Key clients: Rolls Royce, Ministry of Defence, UK Research Councils (others to be
added).
Edinburgh Napier University (UK):
Institute for Forest Products Research. Key contact: Prof Philip Turner, Prof Callum
Hill.
Key competencies: Manufacture of advanced materials from renewable resources,
nano technology, polysaccharide chemistry, cellulose derivatives, Wood science,
Fundamental research on plant cell wall,
Equipment: Electron microscopy (FEG-SEM)), DVS, Fibre spinning facilities
(spinline rheometer), Individual wood fibre tensile test equipment and spun fibre test
facilities, Zeta Sizer, HPLC.MS, GC.MS
Textile fibre test facility (Favimat)
Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry (IWCh), 27 Dzerbenes Street, Riga LV1006, Latvia. Key contact: Dr.hab.sc.ing., Dr.chem. Arnis Treimanis, Head of
Cellulose Laboratory (Department)
Email: [email protected]
Competencies of Cellulose Laboratory:
Wood and pulp fibres chemistry and structure: chemical composition (cellulose, lignin,
etc. determination), UV/Vis multiwave spectroscopy (analysis of fibre wall alkaline extracts
– substances of different accessibility). Scanning electron microscopy of fibres and paper
material.
Page 11 of 20
PT 05-08-09 version3
A specific and unique investigation method -hydromechanical peeling of pulp fibre wall
surface material for further treatment or analysis by any available chemical or instrumental
method.
Also Standard paper handsheet making and testing (tensile, burst) equipment is available.
Other methods and equipment units (Pyrolysis GC-MS, etc.) available in the Laboratory of
Lignin Chemistry and other departaments of IWCh.
Recent papers:
1. Treimanis A., Grinfelds U., Skute M. Are the pulp fiber surface layers the most
resistant ones toward bleaching. Bioresources , 2009, 4(2), May, 554-565.
2. Treimanis A. Should we be refining first, then discarding fines, then bleaching?
Bioresources, 2009, 4(3), August, 907-908.
3. A.Treimanis, U.Grinfelds, M.Škute, G.Dobele, I.Šāble. Effects of forest site on
spruce wood and kraft pulp fibres properties. Proceedings of 10th European
Workshop on Lignocellulosics and Pulp, 25-28 August 2008, Stockholm,
Sweden, 474-477.
4. Treimanis A., A. Potthast, U. Henniges, T. Rosenau, U. Grinfelds, T. Bikova, M.
Skute. Analysis of mechanically peeled kraft pulp fibres surface layers. Papíripar,
2008, 52, 225-230.
5. Belkova L., Grinfelds U., Treimanis A. Structural changes in wood pulp fibres during
the destruction process. . Proceedings of 10th European Workshop on
Lignocellulosics and Pulp, 25-28 August 2008, Stockholm, Sweden, 258-261.
6. L. Vīķele, A. Treimanis, U. Grīnfelds, M. Škute. Improving the strength properties of
the recovered paper fibres. Reciklēto papīra un kartona šķiedru materiālu izturības
īpašību uzlabošana. RTU Zinātnisko rakstu krājums „Materiālzinātne un lietišķā
ķīmija”, 2008, Nr 18., 171.-176. .
Page 12 of 20
PT 05-08-09 version3
7. M. Zeps, D.Auzenbaha, A.Gailis, A.Treimanis, U.Grīnfelds. The creation and
properties of the hybrid aspen clones. Hibrīdapšu (Populus tremuloides x Populus
tremula) klonu salīdzināšana un atlase. Starptautiskais rakstu krājums
„Mežzinātne”, 2008, 18 (51), 19-34.
Helsinki University of Technology
Department of Automation and Systems Technology. Key contact: Dr. Quan Zhou
Key competence: microrobotics and microassembly, self-assembly of microcomponents,
robotic nanomanipulation
Research facilities: Microrobotic and self-assembly test platforms, Robotic
nanomanipulation station, SEM, AFM
List of relevant existing research programmes and participating institutions.
EU FP6 project: Hybrid ultra precision manufacturing process based on positional- and
self-assembly for complex micro-products
TKK/AS is the scientific advisor of two out of five demonstrators of the project.
In this consortium, the interests of TKK/AS is on the guided self-alignment/self-assembly of
fibers/fibrils using micromechatronics. The idea is on two levels. The first is using
micromechatronics to self-align the fibers or fibrils and consequently control/improve the
formation process of the fiber networks, and the second is using self-assembly for
structuring at nanoscale. Both technologies can lead to structured fiber networks that has
either improved mechanical properties, or functional fibre networks with different electric,
optical or thermal properties.
Innventia, Sweden
Tomas Larsson to include a list of competencies and facilities
KTH , Sweden
Tomas Larsson to add a list of competencies and facilities
Page 13 of 20
PT 05-08-09 version3
SINTEF (Norway)
Key contact: Bjorn Tanem
Key competencies: TEM
PFI (Norway)
Key contact to be nominated
Key competencies: Microfibrilated cellulose
UMEA (Sweden)
Thomas could you please help with some suggestions for a key contact here.
Key competencies: Cell wall development, Plant science, Biomimetic processes,
Genetic modification
University of Oldenburg (AMiR) / OFFIS e.V. (TC-ANH) (Germany):
Key contact: Prof. Sergej Fatikow
Key competencies: Micro and nano manipulation, characterisation and assembly on
the micro to nano scale, automation science, mobile nano robots, machine vision,
testing/probing, electron microscopy [SEM, ESEM], AFM for imaging and object
manipulation)
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
Key contact: Prof. Geoffrey Daniel, Dr Paul Ander, Dr.Dinesh Fernando et al.,
Department of Forest Products/Wood Science,
Wood science, fibre cell wall biosynthesis, electron microscopy, ultrastructure of
changes in chemical and mechanical pulps during pulping.
Research interests: Developing strategies for understanding the changes in wood fibre
cell wall micro- and ultrastructure during mechanical and chemical pulping
(disassembly) and during cell wall bioassembly:

Key resources and technologies:

Fibre cell wall ultrastructure analyses; SEM/TEM;

High pressure freezing, immunolablleing and CBMs as tools for ultrastructure
research;

Analyses of fibre cell wall ultrastructure in GM-poplar plants
Page 14 of 20
PT 05-08-09 version3
PPIMC - Romanian Academy
"Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
Research interests: Smart polysaccharide based materials
Wood structure and morphology
Degradation/ageing (enzymatic, thermal, oxidative, micro-organisms) of natural and
syntheric polymer materials
41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley
700487 IASI, ROMANIA
Phone: +40 232 217454
Fax: +40 232 211299
Papiertechnische Stiftung (PTS) (Germany)
Department of Simulation and Product Properties. Key contacts: Sven Altmann,
and Dr. Timo Kuntzsch (modelling and simulation of product properties and
processes, mechanical behaviour of single fibres and fibre networks)
Department of Fibre Compounds. Key Contacts: Dr. Klaus Erhard, M.Sc. Tiemo
Arndt
Key competencies (chemical and mechanical fibre modification, optimal use of
fibres for different processes and products)
Contact details for Tiemo Arndt
Phone: +49 (0) 3529 / 551 - 643
Telefax: +49 (0) 3529 / 551 - 899
Emaill: [email protected]
Research interests: linking fundamental research to applied research activities. The
PTS contribution could be experimental investigations for mechanical and chemical
fibre treatment under conditions very similar to processes in paper mills.
Furthermore we could make available paper samples using our pilot scale paper
machine. Moreover we can provide approaches for (macroscopic) simulation and
modelling of paper structure to evaluate and optimize raw material and fibre
Page 15 of 20
PT 05-08-09 version3
treatment parameters with regard to the aspired paper properties.
Romanian Academy
“P.Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry.
Key contacts: C. Vasile, G. Cazacu, I. Raschip, D. Ciolacu
List of relevant existing research programmes and participating institutions.
International projects 2001-2006 (with more than 60 partners all over the world and a total
budget of about 800,000 € managed by the institute)
FP6 projects:
o INCO-CT-2005-072146 (RAINS) (2005-2008): Romanian action for integrating,
networking and strengthening the ERA. Started in 2005, this project is dedicated to the
improvement of the research capacity of the institute.
o NoE 500375-2 (POLYSACCHARIDES) (2005-2009): European Polysaccharides
Network.
o FP6-509232 (BIOMAHE) (2004-2007): BIOMAHE Centre of excellence. Biodegradable
polymeric materials for health and environment.
o GTC1-2002-73018 (ERIC) (2003-2005): The virtual institute for composites.
o
GIRT-CT-2002-05088 (EUROLIGNIN) (2002-2005): Co-ordination network for lignin –
standardization, production and applications adapted to the market requirements.
o INTAS 00-113 (2002-2005): New polymeric systems for bioseparations.
o EUREKA: E!3523 „VALORIFICAREA POLIETILEN TEREFTALATULUI IN REPERE DE
TIP COMPOZIT SI NANOCOMPOZIT CU VIATA MEDIE SI LUNGA”
o FP7: NaPolyNet FP7-NMP-2007-CSA-1 (2008-2010) “Setting up research-intensive
clusters across the EU on characterization of polymer nanostructures”
COST Actions:
o P12 (2003-2007): Structuring of polymers
o D53 (2006-2008): From molecules to molecular devices: control of electronic, photonic,
magnetic and spintronic behavior
o E41 (2004-2008): Analytical tools with applications for wood and pulping chemistry
o 868 (2006-2008): Biotechnical functionalization of renewable polymeric materials
Page 16 of 20
PT 05-08-09 version3
o E54 (2006-2008): Characterization of the fine structure and properties of papermaking
fibres using new technologies.
PPIMC is also associated partner in the following projects:
o NMP4-CT-2003-500057 (Nano2Life) (NoE) (2003-2007): Bringing nanotechnologies to
life
o FP6-500273-2 (I*PROMS) (NoE) (2004-2007): Innovative production machines and
systems
Other projects:
- bilateral French-Romanian BRANCUSI projects: 3
- multilateral French ECO-NET projects: 1
- UNESCO funded projects: 1
- bilateral Italian-Romanian projects: 1
Tampere University of Technology,
Department of Automation Science and Engineering. Key contact:
Professor Pasi Kallio, Head of Micro- and Nanosystems Research Group,
Doctor in Automation Engineering
[email protected],
+358-500-525546
Competencies

Micro- and nanorobotics

Microfluidics

Active actuator materials

Automation and control

Experience on the manipulation of single human cells and wood cells using
microrobotics
Interest areas

Development of micro- and nanorobotic systems for the treatment and
characterization of single wood cells
o Measurement of mechanical properties of single wood cells
o Measurement of mechanical properties of single wood cell
bonds
Page 17 of 20
PT 05-08-09 version3
o Measurement of mechanical properties of single fibrils in wood
cells
o Chemical treatment of single wood cells
o Mechanical modification of single wood cells
Other possible partners to be included in the consortium (outside of COSTE54)
o Groups modeling the structure of the wood cells including micro
nad nanostructures of the wood cells
Page 18 of 20
PT 05-08-09 version3
Annexure 2
List of competencies and research techniques/equipment to be considered
Please make suggestions to add to this list with suggestions as to how these
techniques could add value to a research programme.

Wet chemical techniques to determine cell wall chemical composition:

Electron microscopy: TEM, STEM, FEG-SEM; FEG-TEM

TOF-SIMS

XPS

Solid state NMR,

Xray diffraction (XRD)

Synchrotron,

Fourier-transform infrared and Fourier-transform Raman micro spectroscopy.

Light scattering detection to determine molecular weight distribution

Immunolabelling of lignocellulose components (carbohydrates, lignins) to determine
bio-polymer distribution within the cell wall

Differential Scanning Calorimeter (Perkin Elmer – Diamond); AFM - Scanning Probe
Microscope Solver Pro-M (NT-MDT);; FT-IR Spectrometer Vertex 70 (Bruker); X-ray
Diffractrometer Advance D8 (Bruker); UV-Vis Spectrometer Specord M42;
Fluorescence Spectrophotometer LS-55 (Perkin-Elmer); Rheometer Anton Paar;
Polarized Light Microscope (Olympus BH-2); Scanning Electron Microscope, BS
301 (TESLA) automatic multipurpose titrator 716 DMS Titrino, Metrohm,
conductivitymeter Radiometer, automatic viscometer Schott, goniomoter.
Page 19 of 20
PT 05-08-09 version3
Page 20 of 20