Download E07EcologyUnitTest

E07 Ecology Unit Test
Name:____________
Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1. The destruction of the ozone layer may be responsible for an increase in
a. cataracts.
c. cancer of the retina.
b. melanoma.
d. All of the above
2. CFCs in the atmosphere
a. stick to frozen water vapor.
c. convert sunlight into ozone.
b. change oxygen into ozone.
d. convert ozone into methane.
3. Ozone in the atmosphere
a. leads to formation of acid precipitation.
b. combines readily with water vapor.
c. absorbs harmful radiation from the sun.
d. All of the above
4. Rising coastal sea levels are expected to result from
a. increased ocean floor volcanic activity.
b. global warming.
c. ozone layer depletion.
d. acid rain.
5. Which of the following statements provides the best explanation for the disruption of ecosystems by
pollutants?
a. Pollutants differ chemically from naturally-occurring substances.
b. Only humans have uses for pollutant chemicals.
c. There are no adaptive mechanisms that can deal with the pollutants.
d. Pollutants are chemicals that cannot be broken down and so they accumulate in
ecosystems.
6. In ecology, models are typically expressed as
a. graphs.
c. mathematical equations.
b. diagrams.
d. All of the above
7. Which of the following is not an adaptation for avoiding unfavorable conditions?
a. acclimation
c. dormancy
b. body temperature regulation
d. migration
8. Which of the following would not be included in a description of an organism’s niche?
a. its trophic level
b. the humidity and temperature it prefers
c. its number of chromosomes
d. when it reproduces
The diagrams below illustrate experiments performed with two species of barnacles that live in the same area.
9. Refer to the illustration above. Diagram “C” indicates that when the two barnacles live together, Chthamalus
is restricted to shallow water. Shallow water is the barnacle’s
a. competitive niche.
c. fundamental niche.
b. realized niche.
d. exclusive niche.
____ 10. Because individuals in a population usually tend to produce more than one offspring,
a. populations tend to increase in size.
b. populations remain stable in size.
c. individuals tend to die quickly.
d. the number of individuals declines rapidly.
____ 11. A population of organisms grows
a. with no natural restrictions except the availability of food.
b. when the birth rate exceeds the death rate.
c. only in the absence of predators or natural diseases.
d. All of the above
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World Population Growth
____ 12. Refer to the illustration above. Which of the following contributed to the change in world population during
the 1900s shown in the graph?
a. better sanitation
c. agricultural improvements
b. improved health care
d. All of the above
____ 13. Refer to the illustration above. The American Revolution began in 1776. According to the graph, what was
the approximate world population at that time?
a. 500 thousand
c. 1 billion
b. 1 million
d. 2 billion
Population Growth Over Time
____ 14. Refer to the illustration above. The rate of growth of a population is represented by r. During which time
period will r = 0?
a. period “A”
c. period “C”
b. period “B”
d. period “D”
____ 15. Refer to the illustration above. The time period during which r would have a negative value is
a. period “A”
c. period “C”
b. period “B”
d. period “D”
____ 16. Parasites
a. coevolve with their hosts.
c. rarely kill their hosts.
b. are usually smaller than their hosts.
d. All of the above
____ 17. Refer to the illustration above. Level “A” is composed of
a. carnivores.
c. producers.
b. herbivores.
d. omnivores.
____ 18. Characteristics that enable plants to protect themselves from herbivores include
a. thorns and prickles.
c. chemical defenses.
b. sticky hairs and tough leaves.
d. All of the above
____ 19. Competitive exclusion occurs when
a. a species is eliminated from a community because of competition.
b. new species enter an ecosystem.
c. species reproduce.
d. a species occupies a fundamental niche.
The diagrams below illustrate experiments performed with two species of barnacles that live in the same area.
____ 20. Refer to the illustration above. Because the two species of barnacles attempt to use the same resources, they
are
a. parasitic.
c. mutualistic.
b. in competition with one another.
d. symbiotic.
____ 21. Sea stars are fierce predators of marine organisms such as clams and mussels. An ecologist studying an ocean
ecosystem performed an experiment in which the sea stars were removed from the ecosystem. After the
removal of the sea stars,
a. the ecosystem became more diverse.
b. food webs in the ecosystem became more complex.
c. the size of the ecosystem was reduced.
d. the number of species in the ecosystem was reduced.
The diagrams below show different kinds of interactions between species.
____ 22. Refer to the illustration above. The relationship shown in Diagram “1” above is
a. commensalism.
c. mutualism.
b. competition.
d. parasitism.
____ 23. Refer to the illustration above. The relationship shown in Diagram “3” above is
a. commensalism.
c. mutualism.
b. competition.
d. parasitism.
1
2
3
Both organisms benefit from the activity of each other.
One organism benefits, and the other organism neither
benefits nor suffers harm.
One organism obtains its nutrients from another, and the
other organism may weaken due to deprivation.
____ 24. Refer to the chart above. The table represents three types of
a. competition.
c. symbiosis.
b. rhythmic patterns.
d. secondary succession.
____ 25. Refer to the chart above. Which pair of organisms generally exhibits the type of relationship that corresponds
to number “1” in the table?
a. coyotes and sheep
b. shrimp and sea cucumbers
c. parasitic worms and white-tailed deer
d. clams and algae
____ 26. Extinction of many species of organisms is expected to occur in tropical areas because of
a. global warming.
b. destruction of habitats.
c. people hunting many species of animals.
d. predation by introduced animals.
____ 27. Succession is
a. an organism’s ability to survive in its environment.
b. the number of species living in an ecosystem.
c. the regular progression of species replacement in an environment.
d. the transfer of energy through a food chain.
____ 28. When the settlers arrived in New England, many forests were turned into fields. Eventually, some fields were
abandoned and then grew back into forests. This is best described as
a. primary succession.
c. secondary succession.
b. coevolution.
d. niche realization.
____ 29. Common types of plants found in areas in the early stages of secondary succession are
a. shrubs.
c. grasses.
b. lichens.
d. trees.
____ 30. Organisms that manufacture organic nutrients for an ecosystem are called
a. primary consumers.
c. primary producers.
b. predators.
d. scavengers.
____ 31. The organic material in an ecosystem is called
a. trophic level.
c. energy level.
b. biomass.
d. ecomass.
____ 32. Refer to the illustration above. Leopard seals are
a. producers.
c. herbivores.
b. omnivores.
d. carnivores.
____ 33. The number of trophic levels in an ecological pyramid
a. is limitless.
b. is limited by the amount of energy that is lost at each trophic level.
c. never exceeds four.
d. never exceeds three.
____ 34. Refer to the illustration above. The diagram represents the decrease in
a. the number of organisms between lower and higher trophic levels.
b. available energy between lower and higher trophic levels.
c. diversity of organisms between lower and higher trophic levels.
d. All of the above
____ 35. Refer to the illustration above. At each trophic level, the energy stored in the organisms in that level is
a. about one-tenth of the energy in the level below it.
b. about one-tenth of the energy in the level above it.
c. 50 percent of the energy in the level below it.
d. 100 percent of the energy in the level below it.
____ 36. Which of the following is part of the nitrogen cycle?
a. conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into usable organic compounds by bacteria
b. conversion of nitrogen from decaying organisms into ammonia
c. nitrogen fixation
d. All of the above
Biome
Average Yearly
Temperature Range
Vegetation
1
-10°C – 14C
2
0°C – 25°C
3
24°C –34°C
Succulent plants, scattered grasses
4
25°C – 27°C
Broad-leaved evergreen trees and shrubs
5
10°C – 20°C
Giant needle-leaved evergreen trees
Needle-leaved evergreen trees
Tall grasses in moist areas; short grasses
in drier areas
____ 37. Refer to the table above. Which biome generally has the lowest average yearly precipitation?
a. “2”
c. “4”
b. “3”
d. “5”
____ 38. Which of the following biomes is characterized by evergreen trees and mammals such as moose, bears, and
lynx?
a. taiga
c. temperate rain forest
b. polar
d. tundra
____ 39. Herds of grazing animals are most likely to be found in a
a. savanna.
c. deciduous forest.
b. tropical rain forest.
d. taiga
____ 40. Which of the following is not an adaptation for water conservation found in desert organisms?
a. nocturnal lifestyle
c. waxy leaf coatings
b. deep root system
d. burrowing in the ground
____ 41. Which of the following animals would most likely be found in a temperate rain forest?
a. monkeys
c. deer
b. caribou
d. leopards
____ 42. Almost all of Earth’s surface water is contained in
a. ocean ecosystems.
c. tropical rain forests.
b. freshwater biomes.
d. ponds and lakes.
____ 43. Organisms with light-producing body parts would most likely be found in
a. the deep-water zone of lakes.
c. open ocean surfaces.
b. shallow ocean waters.
d. deep ocean waters.
____ 44. many fish : shallow ocean water habitat ::
a. nutrients : deep-sea waters
b. plankton : deep-sea-water habitat
c. plankton : open-sea surface habitat
d. animals producing own light : shallow-ocean-water habitat
____ 45. Eutrophic and oligotrophic lakes differ primarily in the amount of ____ they contain.
a. animal life
c. salt
b. algae
d. organic matter
____ 46. Which of the following groups of organisms has the greatest species richness?
a. mammals
c. plants
b. insects
d. vertebrates
____ 47. Gray-wolf populations in the United States became endangered because of
a. the killing of wolves by people.
b. declines in populations of the prey these carnivores eat.
c. loss of habitat as ranches increased in size.
d. unusually severe winters for a number of years.
____ 48. The primary justification for the wolf reintroduction plan was
a. to help control elk populations.
b. to return a well-known species to a national park.
c. to increase enjoyment of a national park for visitors.
d. All of the above
____ 49. Which of the following is not a component of the wolf reintroduction plan?
a. provisions for compensation to ranchers who lose livestock to the wolves
b. financial incentives offered for landowners who let wolves breed on their property
c. laws preventing anyone from killing a wolf
d. monitoring of reintroduced wolf populations
____ 50. The efforts to restore Everglades National Park focus on
a. planting native trees and grasses that had previously been removed.
b. building a dam to prevent further water loss from the area.
c. restoring water pathways to their previous, natural courses.
d. purchasing the rest of the Everglades ecosystem not already in the Everglades National
Park.
Essay (5 marks each)
51. Which type of organisms are most likely to survive, those that have a narrow ecological niche or those that
have a broad niche? Explain. Write your answer in the space below.
52. Why are decomposers necessary for the continuation of life on Earth? Write your answer in the space below.