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Database Performance Document
Database Performance Document

... naive tuner might react to a high value in one of these measurements (e.g., high disk activity) by buying hardware to lower it (e.g., buy more disks). There are many cases, however, in which that would be inappropriate. For example, there may be high disk activity because some frequent query scans a ...
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Functions of a DBMS
Functions of a DBMS

... CREATE TABLE … or ALTER TABLE … ADD  CHECK(condition)  PRIMARY KEY attribute-name  FOREIGN KEY attribute-name REFERENCES parent-table The parent table must already have a primary key defined ...
Chapter 10
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... 10.2 Concurrency Control • Coordination of simultaneous transaction execution in a multiprocessing database • Objective is to ensure serializability of transactions in a multiuser environment • Simultaneous execution of transactions over a shared database can create several data integrity and consi ...
Query Processing - Department of Computer Science
Query Processing - Department of Computer Science

... several agents may be selling tickets, and therefore, changing lists of passengers and counts of available seats. The problem here is that if we are not careful when we allow two or more processes to access the database, we could sell the same seat twice. Here 2 processes that read and change the va ...
COMMIT - Telkom University
COMMIT - Telkom University

... Lost updates occur when two or more transactions selects the same row and then update the row based on the value originally selected. Each transactions is unaware of other transactions. The last update overwrites updates made by the other transactions, which results in lost data. A's update of 300 v ...
Two Phase Locking - Department of Computer Science
Two Phase Locking - Department of Computer Science

... • The part of the DBMS that keeps track of the locks issued to transactions is call the lock manager. The lock manager maintains a lock table which is a hash table with data object identifier as the key. The DBMS also maintains a descriptive entry for each transaction in a transaction table. The ent ...
Chapter 7: Relational Database Design
Chapter 7: Relational Database Design

...  Schedule 3 below can be transformed into Schedule 1, a ...
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Distributed DBMS Advanced Topics
Distributed DBMS Advanced Topics

... global-abort message.  Protocol assumes each site has its own local log and can rollback or commit transaction reliably.  If participant fails to vote, abort is assumed.  If participant gets no vote instruction from coordinator, can abort. ...
Text 13 Database Management Systems
Text 13 Database Management Systems

... The greatest power of a DBMS, however, comes from its ability to quickly find and bring together information stored in separate tables using queries, forms, and reports. A query is a question or a request for specific data contained in a database. Database forms look similar to traditional printed f ...
Distributed Databases
Distributed Databases

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distributed database

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... multiple processors and multiple disks connected by a fast interconnection network. A coarse-grain parallel machine A massively parallel or fine grain parallel machine ...
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Database Recovery
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Josyala - ODU Computer Science
Josyala - ODU Computer Science

... Overview Distributed Transaction - Transactions that span two or more databases. - Incorporates several distinct operations occurring on different systems into an atomic action that succeeds or fails completely. Transfer() Charge() ...
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Distributed Database System
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Transactions - Dr Gordon Russell
Transactions - Dr Gordon Russell

... The goal in a ‘concurrent’ DBMS is to allow multiple users to access the database simultaneously without interfering with each other. A problem with multiple users using the DBMS is that it may be possible for two users to try and change data in the database simultaneously. If this type of action is ...
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Commitment ordering

Commitment ordering (CO) is a class of interoperable serializability techniques in concurrency control of databases, transaction processing, and related applications. It allows optimistic (non-blocking) implementations. With the proliferation of multi-core processors, CO has been also increasingly utilized in concurrent programming, transactional memory, and especially in software transactional memory (STM) for achieving serializability optimistically. CO is also the name of the resulting transaction schedule (history) property, which was originally defined in 1988 with the name dynamic atomicity. In a CO compliant schedule the chronological order of commitment events of transactions is compatible with the precedence order of the respective transactions. CO is a broad special case of conflict serializability, and effective means (reliable, high-performance, distributed, and scalable) to achieve global serializability (modular serializability) across any collection of database systems that possibly use different concurrency control mechanisms (CO also makes each system serializability compliant, if not already).Each not-CO-compliant database system is augmented with a CO component (the commitment order coordinator—COCO) which orders the commitment events for CO compliance, with neither data-access nor any other transaction operation interference. As such CO provides a low overhead, general solution for global serializability (and distributed serializability), instrumental for global concurrency control (and distributed concurrency control) of multi database systems and other transactional objects, possibly highly distributed (e.g., within cloud computing, grid computing, and networks of smartphones). An atomic commitment protocol (ACP; of any type) is a fundamental part of the solution, utilized to break global cycles in the conflict (precedence, serializability) graph. CO is the most general property (a necessary condition) that guarantees global serializability, if the database systems involved do not share concurrency control information beyond atomic commitment protocol (unmodified) messages, and have no knowledge whether transactions are global or local (the database systems are autonomous). Thus CO (with its variants) is the only general technique that does not require the typically costly distribution of local concurrency control information (e.g., local precedence relations, locks, timestamps, or tickets). It generalizes the popular strong strict two-phase locking (SS2PL) property, which in conjunction with the two-phase commit protocol (2PC) is the de facto standard to achieve global serializability across (SS2PL based) database systems. As a result CO compliant database systems (with any, different concurrency control types) can transparently join such SS2PL based solutions for global serializability.In addition, locking based global deadlocks are resolved automatically in a CO based multi-database environment, an important side-benefit (including the special case of a completely SS2PL based environment; a previously unnoticed fact for SS2PL).Furthermore, strict commitment ordering (SCO; Raz 1991c), the intersection of Strictness and CO, provides better performance (shorter average transaction completion time and resulting better transaction throughput) than SS2PL whenever read-write conflicts are present (identical blocking behavior for write-read and write-write conflicts; comparable locking overhead). The advantage of SCO is especially significant during lock contention. Strictness allows both SS2PL and SCO to use the same effective database recovery mechanisms.Two major generalizing variants of CO exist, extended CO (ECO; Raz 1993a) and multi-version CO (MVCO; Raz 1993b). They as well provide global serializability without local concurrency control information distribution, can be combined with any relevant concurrency control, and allow optimistic (non-blocking) implementations. Both use additional information for relaxing CO constraints and achieving better concurrency and performance. Vote ordering (VO or Generalized CO (GCO); Raz 2009) is a container schedule set (property) and technique for CO and all its variants. Local VO is a necessary condition for guaranteeing global serializability, if the atomic commitment protocol (ACP) participants do not share concurrency control information (have the generalized autonomy property). CO and its variants inter-operate transparently, guaranteeing global serializability and automatic global deadlock resolution also together in a mixed, heterogeneous environment with different variants.
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