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Summaries of Infectious Diseases
Summaries of Infectious Diseases

... stomach and intestinal wall and enter the abdominal cavity and retroperitoneal space (2). After maturation into adults and copulation, the male worms die and the females (length: 70-120 cm) migrate in the subcutaneous tissues toward the skin surface (3). Approximately 1 year after infection, the fem ...
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... drives and controls the process of disease control during an outbreak. 1. Isolate the person with measles for 4 days after onset of rash. This is facilitated by the national medical surveillance and reporting systems currently in place. VCPH will work with the measles patient’s physician to implemen ...
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... ____________________________ is the process of describing all metabolic and anatomical features of bacteria and establishing their evolutionary relationships with others . ...
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... D) Typhoid Fever 1) Caused by Salmonella typhi 2) Fecal-oral route of transmission; attacks the small intestine 3) Without treatment, symptoms include high fever (103-104o), malaise, stomach pains, loss of appetite and in some cases a rash develops a) The fever can last for weeks-months if not treat ...
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... Herpes (HSV-2) • A highly contagious infection • Spread during intercourse, oral, or anal sex through open sores • Also can be spread to a newborn at birth if the mother has an active infection. ...
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... to a skinned knee to treat infection. A traveler to an area where typhoid fever is common gets a shot containing part of the bacterium that causes the disease. ...
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Leptospirosis



Leptospirosis (also known as field fever, rat catcher's yellows, and pretibial fever among others names) is an infection caused by corkscrew-shaped bacteria called Leptospira. Symptoms can range from none to mild such as headaches, muscle pains, and fevers; to severe with bleeding from the lungs or meningitis. If the infection causes the person to turn yellow, have kidney failure and bleeding, it is then known as Weil's disease. If it causes lots of bleeding from the lungs it is known as severe pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome.Up to 13 different genetic types of Leptospira may cause disease in humans. It is transmitted by both wild and domestic animals. The most common animals that spread the disease are rodents. It is often transmitted by animal urine or by water or soil containing animal urine coming into contact with breaks in the skin, eyes, mouth, or nose. In the developing world the disease most commonly occurs in farmers and poor people who live in cities. In the developed world it most commonly occurs in those involved in outdoor activities in warm and wet areas of the world. Diagnosis is typically by looking for antibodies against the bacteria or finding its DNA in the blood.Efforts to prevent the disease include protective equipment to prevent contact when working with potentially infected animals, washing after this contact, and reducing rodents in areas people live and work. The antibiotic doxycycline, when used in an effort to prevent infection among travellers, is of unclear benefit. Vaccines for animals exist for certain type of Leptospira which may decrease the risk of spread to humans. Treatment if infected is with antibiotics such as: doxycycline, penicillin, or ceftriaxone. Weil's disease and severe pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome result in death rates greater than 10% and 50%, respectively, even with treatment.It is estimated that seven to ten million people are infected by leptospirosis a year. The number of deaths this causes is not clear. The disease is most common in tropical areas of the world but may occur anywhere. Outbreaks may occur in slums of the developing world. The disease was first described by Weil in 1886 in Germany. Animals who are infected may have no symptoms, mild symptoms, or severe symptoms. Symptoms may vary by the type of animal. In some animals Leptospira live in the reproductive tract, leading to transmission during mating.
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