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Morphology of Feedback Neurons in the Mushroom Body of the
Morphology of Feedback Neurons in the Mushroom Body of the

... Wild-Polyvar microscope (Leica, Bensheim, Germany). For this study, 28 specimens were evaluated. Each consisted of 1–20 marked neurons; thus, more than 200 neurons were stained and analyzed. According to their branching patterns, the feedback neurons could be classified into different classes. Howev ...
Human brainstem preganglionic parasympathetic
Human brainstem preganglionic parasympathetic

... Victoria, Australia). Staining of neural tissue is abolished by preincubation of diluted antiserum with the peptide antigen. The antiserum recognizes a single band corresponding to neural NOS in blots from rat brain. Our previous study in rabbit (Gai et al., 1995) and the present study in humans, de ...
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PDF

... network behaviour. Pyramidal neurons, the most widespread excitatory neuron of the neocortex have multiple spike initiation zones, which interact via dendritic and somatic spikes actively propagating in all directions within the dendritic tree. For these neurons, therefore, both the location and tim ...
Title Goes here
Title Goes here

... The cerebral cortex and the Amygdala Striatum Limbic targets ...
Early Neuronal Loss and Axonal/Presynaptic Damage is Associated
Early Neuronal Loss and Axonal/Presynaptic Damage is Associated

... and hippocampal–subcortical communication might be significant for the memory impairment seen in patients. In AD models, tremendous attention has been focused on hippocampal (CA fields and dentate gyrus) pathology, however very few studies comment specifically on subiculum neurodegeneration so far [ ...
Disruption of Target Interactions Prevents the Development of
Disruption of Target Interactions Prevents the Development of

... analysis. The extent of sympathetic denervation and reinnervation was determined in submandibular glands from 6-OHDA-treated and vehicle-treated animals on P2, P7, P14, and P2 1. Sections of submandibular glands from perfused rats were labeled with an antiserum directed against TH and the label visu ...
Spontaneous firing patterns of identified spiny neurons in the rat
Spontaneous firing patterns of identified spiny neurons in the rat

... or never exhibit antidromic responses to stimulation of substantia nigra21. Pure excitatory orthodromic responses are, on the other hand, more commonly reported for otherwise silent neurons, and these may also respond antidromically, to nigral stimulation21,27. Findings of this type have led some in ...
J Comp Neurol 2000 Lavenex - University of California, Berkeley
J Comp Neurol 2000 Lavenex - University of California, Berkeley

... caching behavior (Thompson and Thompson, 1980). During the nonbreeding season, males maintain larger home ranges than females (Thompson, 1978), and sex differences in home range further increase during the breeding season, when males are actively searching for females (Thompson, 1977). Eastern gray ...
Sònia Najas Sales Role of DYRK1A in the development of Syndrome
Sònia Najas Sales Role of DYRK1A in the development of Syndrome

... syndrome (DS), which is caused by an extra copy of human chromosome (HSA) 21. The analysis of brain tissue from foetuses and children with DS and from trisomic mice that model the syndrome indicated that intellectual disability in DS is caused, at least in part, by alterations in the cytoarchitectur ...
Physiology of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH): Beyond
Physiology of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH): Beyond

... controls [41]. The treatment of these animals with the GnRHa leuprolide caused sex-related significant down-regulation of the expression of both the peptide and of its receptor, even though without significant changes in the plaque load; this may be suggestive of an insufficient effect of GnRHR acti ...
as a PDF
as a PDF

... Victoria, Australia). Staining of neural tissue is abolished by preincubation of diluted antiserum with the peptide antigen. The antiserum recognizes a single band corresponding to neural NOS in blots from rat brain. Our previous study in rabbit (Gai et al., 1995) and the present study in humans, de ...
Exposure to As-, Cd-, and Pb-Mixture Induces Ab, Amyloidogenic
Exposure to As-, Cd-, and Pb-Mixture Induces Ab, Amyloidogenic

... (Hardy and Selkoe, 2002; Selkoe and Schenk, 2003). Ab accumulation in brain disrupts neuronal activity that evokes progressive loss of cognition (Dodart et al., 2000; Pozueta et al., 2013). Arsenic is reported to affect expression and processing of APP in neuronal cells (Dewji et al., 1995; Zarazua ...
Sequential Development of Electrical and Chemical Synaptic
Sequential Development of Electrical and Chemical Synaptic

... Neuronal circuits form during embryonic life, even before synapses are completely mature. Developmental changes can be quantitative (e.g., connections become stronger and more reliable) or qualitative (e.g., synapses form, are lost, or switch from electrical to chemical or from excitatory to inhibit ...
stereological estimates of dopaminergic, gabaergic and
stereological estimates of dopaminergic, gabaergic and

... Abstract—Midbrain dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra and retrorubral field play key roles in reward processing, learning and memory, and movement. Within these midbrain regions and admixed with the dopamine neurons, are also substantial populations of GABAergic neurons ...
The role of the hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus in the central
The role of the hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus in the central

... expenditure has long been established. The hypothalamus receives hormonal input such as insulin, leptin, and ghrelin from the periphery. The gate for the most important adiposity signals is the arcuate nucleus, which contains neurons expressing orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides, respectively. The ...
Effect of Adrenalectomy on Miniature Inhibitory Postsynaptic
Effect of Adrenalectomy on Miniature Inhibitory Postsynaptic

... Verkuyl, J. M. and M. Joëls. Effect of adrenalectomy on miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. J Neurophysiol 89: 237–245, 2003; 10.1152/jn.00401.2002. Within the rat paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus two types of neurons have been d ...
Comparative analysis of the baseline spike activity of
Comparative analysis of the baseline spike activity of

... random interspike intervals accounted for only 1.3% of cells (Fig. 2, I). Analysis of histograms of interspike intervals for neurons in the fastigial nucleus in normal conditions showed a predominance of polymodal neurons (64.5%) (Fig. 3, B, III). There were significantly fewer mono- and bimodal neu ...
Neurotransmitter Profile of Saccadic Omnipause Neurons in
Neurotransmitter Profile of Saccadic Omnipause Neurons in

... and Biittner, 1988: Ohgaki et al., 1989; Langer and Kaneko, 1990), the exact sources of inputs and synaptic mechanisms producing the characteristic firing pattern of OPNs are still not clear. Pharmacological experiments in cats suggest that the tonic activity of OPNs is controlled by inhibitory sero ...
The Neurology of Music for Post-Traumatic-Stress
The Neurology of Music for Post-Traumatic-Stress

... causes physiological changes in the body when stress is present. For example, people with PTSD often have higher blood pressure and pulse rates when compared to the general population. Cortisol production increases in the presence of acute stress (Grace, 2003, p. 9). Cortisol is a steroid hormone th ...
Disc1Point Mutations in Mice Affect Development of the Cerebral
Disc1Point Mutations in Mice Affect Development of the Cerebral

... mutations have similar effects. We identified cells that had left the cell cycle as BrdU positive and Ki67 negative. The percentage of BrdU ⫹/Ki67 ⫺ cells was only slightly increased in L100P mutants (97.41 ⫾ 2.91%; p ⫽ 0.018) but not Q31L (96.75 ⫾ 3.04%) compared to WT (95.26 ⫾ 3.00%) (Fig. 2 E). T ...
BMP4 expression in the adult rat brain
BMP4 expression in the adult rat brain

... Since the amino acid sequences of BMP4 and BMP2 are very similar, we first investigated whether the antibody (NCL-BMP4) can discriminate between them using ELISA method. As shown in Fig. 1A and B, the antibody could specifically recognize only BMP4 protein in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, we ...
Development and evolution of the insect mushroom bodies: towards
Development and evolution of the insect mushroom bodies: towards

... 1999) (Fig. 2). In Diptera and Lepidoptera, in which MBNB number is typically low, groups of progenitors are more loosely bound and the progeny of each individual MBNB may be discerned (Panov, 1957; Nordlander and Edwards, 1970; Gundersen and Larsen, 1978; Ito and Hotta, 1992). The MBNBs appear to g ...
Microinfusion of bupropion inhibits putative GABAergic ventral
Microinfusion of bupropion inhibits putative GABAergic ventral

... 1. Introduction: The ventral tegmental area (VTA) comprises of dopaminergic (DA) and non-dopaminergic (nonDA) neurons. The abundant non-dopaminergic neurons are gamma-aminobutyric acid releasing or putative GABAergic neurons. The VTA plays a significant role in reward, addiction, psychiatric disord ...
Neuroanatomy and function of brain structures involved in the
Neuroanatomy and function of brain structures involved in the

... most dense TIP39 fiber network was shown here. Calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) cell bodies were also demonstrated in the SPFpc and PPN. In this region there is dense galanin (GAL) fiber network which is termination of ascending pathways from the lumbar spinal cord (unpublished data). It was o ...
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PDF+Links

... that age-related pathological brain dysfunction might be ameliorated by treatment with neurotrophic factor. Most of earlier studies usually estimated degenerative or atrophic changes in morphology of the cholinergic neurons. However, recently attention has been focused on the idea that, during norma ...
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Adult neurogenesis

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