microcircuits in the striatum striatal cell types and their
... abundant of the striatal interneurons comprising 0.32% of the neurons in the rodent striatum (Kawaguchi et al., 1995; Rymar et al., 2004). The somata of these interneurons range from 20-50 µm in diameter. The neurons emit 2-4 large primary dendrites that give rise to higher order dendrites that span ...
... abundant of the striatal interneurons comprising 0.32% of the neurons in the rodent striatum (Kawaguchi et al., 1995; Rymar et al., 2004). The somata of these interneurons range from 20-50 µm in diameter. The neurons emit 2-4 large primary dendrites that give rise to higher order dendrites that span ...
A transcription factor network controls cell migration
... post fertilization (hpf), resulting in large deficits in all subtypes of pineal cells (Masai et al., 1997); despite the loss of these cells, the parapineal organ can still form in Flh mutants (Snelson et al., 2008a). In contrast, parapineal development is dramatically affected in Tbx2b mutants, whic ...
... post fertilization (hpf), resulting in large deficits in all subtypes of pineal cells (Masai et al., 1997); despite the loss of these cells, the parapineal organ can still form in Flh mutants (Snelson et al., 2008a). In contrast, parapineal development is dramatically affected in Tbx2b mutants, whic ...
Glycine Immunoreactivity of Multipolar Neurons in the Ventral
... and Young, 1980; Young et al., 1988). These local circuits, however, do not account for all of the response properties of DCN neurons. For example, type II units of the DCN are relatively unresponsive to broadband stimuli even when the stimuli contain energy within the excitatory response area of th ...
... and Young, 1980; Young et al., 1988). These local circuits, however, do not account for all of the response properties of DCN neurons. For example, type II units of the DCN are relatively unresponsive to broadband stimuli even when the stimuli contain energy within the excitatory response area of th ...
Gao JCN 2000 - Georgia State University
... (V1 and AI) as observed in this study followed the welldescribed inside-out (Rakic, 1974; McConnell, 1985) and rostrocaudal (Luskin and Shatz, 1985a) gradients of cerebral cortical development. In addition, there was some limited evidence for a rostrocaudal gradient, in that AI matured slightly earl ...
... (V1 and AI) as observed in this study followed the welldescribed inside-out (Rakic, 1974; McConnell, 1985) and rostrocaudal (Luskin and Shatz, 1985a) gradients of cerebral cortical development. In addition, there was some limited evidence for a rostrocaudal gradient, in that AI matured slightly earl ...
Cell-Type Specific Channelopathies in the Prefrontal Cortex of the
... mental retardation protein (FMRP) expression. FXS patients display several behavioral phenotypes associated with prefrontal cortex (PFC) dysfunction. Voltage-gated ion channels, some of which are regulated by FMRP, heavily influence PFC neuron function. Although there is evidence for brain region-sp ...
... mental retardation protein (FMRP) expression. FXS patients display several behavioral phenotypes associated with prefrontal cortex (PFC) dysfunction. Voltage-gated ion channels, some of which are regulated by FMRP, heavily influence PFC neuron function. Although there is evidence for brain region-sp ...
Okamoto Devel Neurbiol Review
... tion of neural circuits regulating monoaminergic systems. Fish and amphibian habenulae can be subdivided into dHb and vHb based on differences in cytoarchitecture (Braford and Northcutt, 1983; Kemali and Làzàr, 1985). The zebrafish dHb projects to the IPN (Aizawa et al., 2005; Gamse et al., 2005) a ...
... tion of neural circuits regulating monoaminergic systems. Fish and amphibian habenulae can be subdivided into dHb and vHb based on differences in cytoarchitecture (Braford and Northcutt, 1983; Kemali and Làzàr, 1985). The zebrafish dHb projects to the IPN (Aizawa et al., 2005; Gamse et al., 2005) a ...
Read Here
... of individual serotonergic neurons supports similar conclusions, revealing molecularly distinct subtypes of 5-HT neurons (Spaethling et al., 2014; Okaty et al., 2015), including subtypes that not only express the gene encoding tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (Tph2) for synthesis of 5-HT, but also neurotran ...
... of individual serotonergic neurons supports similar conclusions, revealing molecularly distinct subtypes of 5-HT neurons (Spaethling et al., 2014; Okaty et al., 2015), including subtypes that not only express the gene encoding tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (Tph2) for synthesis of 5-HT, but also neurotran ...
identification of central cholinergic neurons containing both choline
... acetylcholine-synthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT; acetyl-CoA, choline O-acetyltransferase, EC 2.3.16), and the transmitter-degrading enzyme, acetylcholinesterase (AChE). ChAT was localized immunohistochemically and AChE was localized histochemically in normal, colchicinetreated, or ...
... acetylcholine-synthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT; acetyl-CoA, choline O-acetyltransferase, EC 2.3.16), and the transmitter-degrading enzyme, acetylcholinesterase (AChE). ChAT was localized immunohistochemically and AChE was localized histochemically in normal, colchicinetreated, or ...
Hindbrain noradrenergic A2 neurons: diverse roles in autonomic
... 212, 213, 230). In these and many other studies, stimulusinduced A2 neuronal activation is characterized by immunocytochemical localization of the immediate-early gene product, Fos, together with immunolabeling for TH or DbH. Increased Fos immunolabeling alone cannot reveal the circuits through whic ...
... 212, 213, 230). In these and many other studies, stimulusinduced A2 neuronal activation is characterized by immunocytochemical localization of the immediate-early gene product, Fos, together with immunolabeling for TH or DbH. Increased Fos immunolabeling alone cannot reveal the circuits through whic ...
Ensemble Patterns of Hippocampal CA3
... clear what kind of specific computation is added by the CA1 region to the information already available at the CA3 output. Understanding the processing of representations by brain structures requires precise information about the nature of the input. For example, unique spatiotemporal discharges of ...
... clear what kind of specific computation is added by the CA1 region to the information already available at the CA3 output. Understanding the processing of representations by brain structures requires precise information about the nature of the input. For example, unique spatiotemporal discharges of ...
166 - UCSF Physiology - University of California, San Francisco
... vast majority of the neurons are positive for -galactosidase except for a few presumable inhibitory neurons (arrowhead in b). cause only one allele needs to be recom- d–f, Confocal micrographs of neurons from the same region stained for -galactosidase (green) and the inhibitory neuron marker bined ...
... vast majority of the neurons are positive for -galactosidase except for a few presumable inhibitory neurons (arrowhead in b). cause only one allele needs to be recom- d–f, Confocal micrographs of neurons from the same region stained for -galactosidase (green) and the inhibitory neuron marker bined ...
Caffeine promotes glutamate and histamine release in the posterior
... Adenosine receptor A2A immunoreactivity is observed primarily at glutamatergic (asymmetric) synapses (17). Thus it is possible that caffeine acting through A2AR plays a prominent role in modulating glutamatergic input to various neurons (13, 17). Caffeine induces dopamine and glutamate release in th ...
... Adenosine receptor A2A immunoreactivity is observed primarily at glutamatergic (asymmetric) synapses (17). Thus it is possible that caffeine acting through A2AR plays a prominent role in modulating glutamatergic input to various neurons (13, 17). Caffeine induces dopamine and glutamate release in th ...
Critical Time Window of Neuronal Cholesterol Synthesis during
... Defects in cholesterol synthesis can have devastating effects on the developing nervous system, including corpus callosum agenesis (Waterham, 2002). Even during development, when the blood– brain barrier has not fully formed yet, the brain normally synthesizes the majority of its cholesterol locally ...
... Defects in cholesterol synthesis can have devastating effects on the developing nervous system, including corpus callosum agenesis (Waterham, 2002). Even during development, when the blood– brain barrier has not fully formed yet, the brain normally synthesizes the majority of its cholesterol locally ...
Traveling Theta Waves along the Entire
... frequency and regularity of theta oscillations in the dorsal and intermediate hippocampus were similar at all recording sites, with the phase of theta gradually shifting from the dorsal (septal) to intermediate sites of the CA1 layer (Figures 2E, 3F, and S3). Theta waves were phase shifted by approx ...
... frequency and regularity of theta oscillations in the dorsal and intermediate hippocampus were similar at all recording sites, with the phase of theta gradually shifting from the dorsal (septal) to intermediate sites of the CA1 layer (Figures 2E, 3F, and S3). Theta waves were phase shifted by approx ...
Temperature Integration at the AC Thermosensory Neurons
... This research was supported by a Trustee Grant from Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Japanese Science and Technology Agency/Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology and March of Dimes to F.N.H. We are grateful to Dr. L. Liu for the pyx-Gal4 flies, Dr. L. Looger for the UAS-G-CaMP3.0 f ...
... This research was supported by a Trustee Grant from Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Japanese Science and Technology Agency/Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology and March of Dimes to F.N.H. We are grateful to Dr. L. Liu for the pyx-Gal4 flies, Dr. L. Looger for the UAS-G-CaMP3.0 f ...
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Mediates Activity
... Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes postnatal maturation of GABAergic inhibition in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, and its expression and release are enhanced by neuronal activity, suggesting that it acts in a feedback manner to maintain a balance between excitation and inhibiti ...
... Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes postnatal maturation of GABAergic inhibition in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, and its expression and release are enhanced by neuronal activity, suggesting that it acts in a feedback manner to maintain a balance between excitation and inhibiti ...
Biophysical Properties and Responses to Neurotransmitters of
... Recordings were made from 130 labeled PG and 103 labeled GG neurons. Recordings were also made from nonlabeled PG (n ⫽ 45) and GG (n ⫽ 26) neurons to determine if they were different from the labeled neurons. No neurons were spontaneously active. Depolarizing and hyperpolarizing currents were inject ...
... Recordings were made from 130 labeled PG and 103 labeled GG neurons. Recordings were also made from nonlabeled PG (n ⫽ 45) and GG (n ⫽ 26) neurons to determine if they were different from the labeled neurons. No neurons were spontaneously active. Depolarizing and hyperpolarizing currents were inject ...
Selective Loss of Catecholaminergic Wake–Active Neurons in a
... Image-Pro Plus software (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD) to measure fluorescence intensity relative to background (adjacent non-TH region). For each group of wake-active neurons, the total number of nucleated wake neurons on all relevant sections were counted, and the percentage of these neuro ...
... Image-Pro Plus software (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD) to measure fluorescence intensity relative to background (adjacent non-TH region). For each group of wake-active neurons, the total number of nucleated wake neurons on all relevant sections were counted, and the percentage of these neuro ...
Orexinergic Input to Dopaminergic Neurons of the Human Ventral
... (86–88%) of randomly encountered orexinergic contacts targeted the dendritic compartment of DA neurons. Finally, DA neurons of the SN also received orexinergic innervation in both species. Based on the observation of five times heavier orexinergic input to TH-IR neurons of the human, compared with t ...
... (86–88%) of randomly encountered orexinergic contacts targeted the dendritic compartment of DA neurons. Finally, DA neurons of the SN also received orexinergic innervation in both species. Based on the observation of five times heavier orexinergic input to TH-IR neurons of the human, compared with t ...
Validation of hippocampal volumes measured using a
... whereas other automated methods are not available publicly or the processes are complicated [4–7, 9–11]. The automated volumetric methods that we tested here are at the cutting edge of medical imaging technology. These packages implement hundreds of recent algorithms, such as linear and nonlinear sp ...
... whereas other automated methods are not available publicly or the processes are complicated [4–7, 9–11]. The automated volumetric methods that we tested here are at the cutting edge of medical imaging technology. These packages implement hundreds of recent algorithms, such as linear and nonlinear sp ...
PARK9-Associated ATP13A2 Localizes to Intracellular
... ATP13A2 mutations in order to confirm dopaminergic neuronal loss. To directly explore the impact of ATP13A2 loss-of-function on the viability and integrity of dopaminergic neurons, we employed mir-30adapted short hairpin RNA (shRNA) constructs to silence the expression of endogenous ATP13A2. To vali ...
... ATP13A2 mutations in order to confirm dopaminergic neuronal loss. To directly explore the impact of ATP13A2 loss-of-function on the viability and integrity of dopaminergic neurons, we employed mir-30adapted short hairpin RNA (shRNA) constructs to silence the expression of endogenous ATP13A2. To vali ...
Subthalamic Stimulation-Induced Synaptic Responses in Substantia
... fashion (Gonon 1988). N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor activation has been proposed to contribute to this bursting activity (Chergui et al. 1994; Johnson et al. 1992; Overton and Clark 1992; Seutin et al. 1994). The three principal glutamatergic inputs to substantia nigra arise from the frontal ...
... fashion (Gonon 1988). N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor activation has been proposed to contribute to this bursting activity (Chergui et al. 1994; Johnson et al. 1992; Overton and Clark 1992; Seutin et al. 1994). The three principal glutamatergic inputs to substantia nigra arise from the frontal ...
Mechanism of Irregular Firing of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurons
... whole cell recordings were performed. The cell-attached configuration allowed long-lasting extracellular recording without diffusion of substances from the pipettes; whole cell recording permitted intracellular analysis of action potentials and excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP ...
... whole cell recordings were performed. The cell-attached configuration allowed long-lasting extracellular recording without diffusion of substances from the pipettes; whole cell recording permitted intracellular analysis of action potentials and excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP ...
Andrea Kádár
... TRH neurons are closely associated in the external zone of the ME. Therefore, we hypothesized that T3 produced by tanycytes may be taken up by axon terminals of these neurosecretory neurons in the ME and transported retrogradely to the nucleus of these cells. The presence of the main neuronal thyroi ...
... TRH neurons are closely associated in the external zone of the ME. Therefore, we hypothesized that T3 produced by tanycytes may be taken up by axon terminals of these neurosecretory neurons in the ME and transported retrogradely to the nucleus of these cells. The presence of the main neuronal thyroi ...
Pre-synaptic Terminal Dynamics in the Hippocampus
... There are several types of structural changes associated to various forms of activity-dependent alterations in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Early examples come from studies of sensory deprivation during critical periods of postnatal development. In kittens, using monocular deprivation Hubel a ...
... There are several types of structural changes associated to various forms of activity-dependent alterations in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Early examples come from studies of sensory deprivation during critical periods of postnatal development. In kittens, using monocular deprivation Hubel a ...