Biology 340 Molecular Biology
... --Most are multicellular and made of different cell types. --Different cells express distinct subsets of genes. --Gene expression is regulated so genes are turned on when they are needed during development and in the correct cell types. --Most genes in higher eukaryotes are regulated by controlling ...
... --Most are multicellular and made of different cell types. --Different cells express distinct subsets of genes. --Gene expression is regulated so genes are turned on when they are needed during development and in the correct cell types. --Most genes in higher eukaryotes are regulated by controlling ...
Gene Section MIR10B (microRNA 10b) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
... Pri-miRNA (primary) mir-10b: The primary miRNA transcripts are called pri-miRNAs. They contain cap structures and poly(A) tails. If transcribed by RNA polymerase II, primary transcript of mir-10b is not known yet. Pre-miRNA (precursor) mir-10b: pri-miRNA transcripts are processed by microprocessor c ...
... Pri-miRNA (primary) mir-10b: The primary miRNA transcripts are called pri-miRNAs. They contain cap structures and poly(A) tails. If transcribed by RNA polymerase II, primary transcript of mir-10b is not known yet. Pre-miRNA (precursor) mir-10b: pri-miRNA transcripts are processed by microprocessor c ...
Lecture 5
... RNA and protein construction • The nucleotide base sequence of mRNA is encoded from DNA and transmits sequences of bases used to determine the amino acid sequence of the protein. • mRNA (“Messenger RNA”) associates with the ribosome (mRNA and protein portion). • RNA (“Transfer RNA”) also required • ...
... RNA and protein construction • The nucleotide base sequence of mRNA is encoded from DNA and transmits sequences of bases used to determine the amino acid sequence of the protein. • mRNA (“Messenger RNA”) associates with the ribosome (mRNA and protein portion). • RNA (“Transfer RNA”) also required • ...
MS Word file
... A variety of different consensus sequences may be found in the regulatory promoters. Main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is in assembly of ...
... A variety of different consensus sequences may be found in the regulatory promoters. Main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is in assembly of ...
Transcription and the control of gene expression
... FIGURE 6.11. Isopropylthio- -D-galactoside (IPTG), which can bind to the lac repressor protein but which is not metabolized. ...
... FIGURE 6.11. Isopropylthio- -D-galactoside (IPTG), which can bind to the lac repressor protein but which is not metabolized. ...
TriFecta Dicer-Substrate RNAi Manual
... sequence collections are therefore available, including 1) sequences that target all forms of a given gene, and 2) sequences that are splice-form specific. Splice common: targets all known variants of a gene in RefSeq; duplexes lie within common exons. This constitutes the bulk of the TriFECTa Dicer ...
... sequence collections are therefore available, including 1) sequences that target all forms of a given gene, and 2) sequences that are splice-form specific. Splice common: targets all known variants of a gene in RefSeq; duplexes lie within common exons. This constitutes the bulk of the TriFECTa Dicer ...
Gene Section BRWD3 (bromodomain and WD repeat domain containing 3)
... Genomic organization (A) and transcript variants (B) of BRWD3. (A) Gene structure (drawn to scale): black boxes represent exons. (B) Transcripts (drawn to scale): boxes, exons; UTR, untranslated region; light shaded box, coding region; shaded and dark shaded boxes, nucleotide sequences coding for pr ...
... Genomic organization (A) and transcript variants (B) of BRWD3. (A) Gene structure (drawn to scale): black boxes represent exons. (B) Transcripts (drawn to scale): boxes, exons; UTR, untranslated region; light shaded box, coding region; shaded and dark shaded boxes, nucleotide sequences coding for pr ...
Protein RNA DNA - Molecular Systems Biology
... protein-coding transcriptome shows that almost half of the genes are detected in all tissues, while 13% show a mixed expression. The number of tissueenriched genes in the different tissues and the overlap between the Human Protein Atlas consortium (HPA) and the genome-based tissue expression consort ...
... protein-coding transcriptome shows that almost half of the genes are detected in all tissues, while 13% show a mixed expression. The number of tissueenriched genes in the different tissues and the overlap between the Human Protein Atlas consortium (HPA) and the genome-based tissue expression consort ...
Transcription
... explanation of the assertion; B: if both assertion and reason are true statements but the reason is not a correct explanation of the assertion; C: if the assertion is true but the reason is a false statement; D: if the assertion is false but the reason is a true statement; ...
... explanation of the assertion; B: if both assertion and reason are true statements but the reason is not a correct explanation of the assertion; C: if the assertion is true but the reason is a false statement; D: if the assertion is false but the reason is a true statement; ...
Part B - Modeling Transcription: How is RNA modified? Name:
... The most remarkable stage of RNA processing in the eukaryotic nucleus is the removal of a large portion of the RNA molecule that is initially synthesized‐‐a cut‐and‐paste job called RNA splicing. The average length of a transcription unit along a eukaryotic DN ...
... The most remarkable stage of RNA processing in the eukaryotic nucleus is the removal of a large portion of the RNA molecule that is initially synthesized‐‐a cut‐and‐paste job called RNA splicing. The average length of a transcription unit along a eukaryotic DN ...
A The basis of the organization of living matter
... From this process, a double strand viral DNA is obtained, which is integrated in the host cell genome through another viral enzyme, the HIV-integrase. After this, the cell machinery follows the usual DNA replication steps: transcription in mRNA and translation of the viral DNA in the viral poly-prot ...
... From this process, a double strand viral DNA is obtained, which is integrated in the host cell genome through another viral enzyme, the HIV-integrase. After this, the cell machinery follows the usual DNA replication steps: transcription in mRNA and translation of the viral DNA in the viral poly-prot ...
CHAPTER 17
... C27. Answer: A disadvantage of mRNAs with a short half-life is that the cells probably waste a lot of energy making them. If a cell needs the protein encoded by a short-lived mRNA, the cell has to keep transcribing the gene that encodes the mRNA because the mRNAs are quickly degraded. An advantage ...
... C27. Answer: A disadvantage of mRNAs with a short half-life is that the cells probably waste a lot of energy making them. If a cell needs the protein encoded by a short-lived mRNA, the cell has to keep transcribing the gene that encodes the mRNA because the mRNAs are quickly degraded. An advantage ...
GENE REGULATION
... Alternative splicing can increase the proteome size without increasing the total number of genes For organisms to become more complex, as in higher plants and animals, evolution has produced more complex proteomes General trend is that less complex organisms tend to have fewer genes Frequency of alt ...
... Alternative splicing can increase the proteome size without increasing the total number of genes For organisms to become more complex, as in higher plants and animals, evolution has produced more complex proteomes General trend is that less complex organisms tend to have fewer genes Frequency of alt ...
Viruses and Prions and Bacteria, OH MY!
... RNARNA synthesis In different viruses, original RNA genome can: Be used as mRNA Be used as a template for mRNA ...
... RNARNA synthesis In different viruses, original RNA genome can: Be used as mRNA Be used as a template for mRNA ...
Transcription and Translation
... • The first base of the new RNA strand is placed complementary to the +1 site. • RNA polymerase does not require a primer. • The first 8 or 9 bases of the transcript are linked. Transcription factors are released, and the polymerase leaves the promoter region. • Figure of bacterial transcription ini ...
... • The first base of the new RNA strand is placed complementary to the +1 site. • RNA polymerase does not require a primer. • The first 8 or 9 bases of the transcript are linked. Transcription factors are released, and the polymerase leaves the promoter region. • Figure of bacterial transcription ini ...
File
... a) SAM b) Serine c) Base exchange enzyme d) Acyl carrier protein e) SAH Active Learning I 1) Genes in prokaryotes that are arranged in groups of related genes under the control of a single promoter are called ______. a) Opersons. b) Decathlons. c) Klingons. d) Genons (referred to as genoffs when in ...
... a) SAM b) Serine c) Base exchange enzyme d) Acyl carrier protein e) SAH Active Learning I 1) Genes in prokaryotes that are arranged in groups of related genes under the control of a single promoter are called ______. a) Opersons. b) Decathlons. c) Klingons. d) Genons (referred to as genoffs when in ...
Protein Synthesis
... RNA Polymerase then adds nucleotides to one side of the DNA making an RNA molecule. The RNA molecule detaches from the DNA strand and makes its way out of the nucleus to perform its different jobs ...
... RNA Polymerase then adds nucleotides to one side of the DNA making an RNA molecule. The RNA molecule detaches from the DNA strand and makes its way out of the nucleus to perform its different jobs ...
Life: The Science of Biology, 8e
... inside cells; many have RNA instead of DNA so reverse the process. Synthesis of DNA from RNA is called reverse transcription. Viruses that do this are called retroviruses ...
... inside cells; many have RNA instead of DNA so reverse the process. Synthesis of DNA from RNA is called reverse transcription. Viruses that do this are called retroviruses ...
DNA
... 260 nm The concentration of nucleotides and nucleic acids thus often is expressed in terms of “ABSORBANCE AT 260 nm.” ...
... 260 nm The concentration of nucleotides and nucleic acids thus often is expressed in terms of “ABSORBANCE AT 260 nm.” ...
Lecture 21-23
... skin cells are so different from your muscle cells? Because the genes are regulated differently in each cell type!! DNA 1. chromatin modifications: a. acetylation of histone tails makes chromatin more flexible, allowing transcription factors better access to DNA, thereby facilitating transcription b ...
... skin cells are so different from your muscle cells? Because the genes are regulated differently in each cell type!! DNA 1. chromatin modifications: a. acetylation of histone tails makes chromatin more flexible, allowing transcription factors better access to DNA, thereby facilitating transcription b ...
RNA structure and synthesis:
... One end of the tRNA contains a three nucleotide sequence called the anticodon loop that is complementary to the codon of the mRNA. The other end of the tRNA is covalently attached to a specific amino acid. Transfer RNAs (tRNAs), the smallest of the three major species of RNA molecules (4S), ha ...
... One end of the tRNA contains a three nucleotide sequence called the anticodon loop that is complementary to the codon of the mRNA. The other end of the tRNA is covalently attached to a specific amino acid. Transfer RNAs (tRNAs), the smallest of the three major species of RNA molecules (4S), ha ...
PR Reagent (Plant Total RNA Isolation Kit)
... Plants are diverse, and individual species and organs or plant tissues can behave differently during the RNA extraction (and DNA) for use in the molecular studies. Problems encountered include the presence of a large quantity of polysaccharides, high RNase level, various kinds of phenolics, includin ...
... Plants are diverse, and individual species and organs or plant tissues can behave differently during the RNA extraction (and DNA) for use in the molecular studies. Problems encountered include the presence of a large quantity of polysaccharides, high RNase level, various kinds of phenolics, includin ...
Class Agenda Week of 8-13 Oct 2007
... 2. This is a template DNA sequence: 3'AATTATCCCGCA5'. This is a partially-completed mRNA strand transcribed from the DNA template: 3'GAUAAU5'. What is the next nucleotide that RNA polymerase will attach? 3 pts Remember to base pair with orientation and polymerase directionality ...
... 2. This is a template DNA sequence: 3'AATTATCCCGCA5'. This is a partially-completed mRNA strand transcribed from the DNA template: 3'GAUAAU5'. What is the next nucleotide that RNA polymerase will attach? 3 pts Remember to base pair with orientation and polymerase directionality ...
PowerPoint-presentatie - Maastricht University
... In reality genes interact only with agents (RNA, proteins, abiotic molecules) and not directly with other genes ...
... In reality genes interact only with agents (RNA, proteins, abiotic molecules) and not directly with other genes ...
RNA interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. Historically, it was known by other names, including co-suppression, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), and quelling. Only after these apparently unrelated processes were fully understood did it become clear that they all described the RNAi phenomenon. Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on RNA interference in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, which they published in 1998.Two types of small ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules – microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) – are central to RNA interference. RNAs are the direct products of genes, and these small RNAs can bind to other specific messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules and either increase or decrease their activity, for example by preventing an mRNA from producing a protein. RNA interference has an important role in defending cells against parasitic nucleotide sequences – viruses and transposons. It also influences development.The RNAi pathway is found in many eukaryotes, including animals, and is initiated by the enzyme Dicer, which cleaves long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules into short double-stranded fragments of ~20 nucleotide siRNAs. Each siRNA is unwound into two single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs), the passenger strand and the guide strand. The passenger strand is degraded and the guide strand is incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The most well-studied outcome is post-transcriptional gene silencing, which occurs when the guide strand pairs with a complementary sequence in a messenger RNA molecule and induces cleavage by Argonaute, the catalytic component of the RISC complex. In some organisms, this process spreads systemically, despite the initially limited molar concentrations of siRNA.RNAi is a valuable research tool, both in cell culture and in living organisms, because synthetic dsRNA introduced into cells can selectively and robustly induce suppression of specific genes of interest. RNAi may be used for large-scale screens that systematically shut down each gene in the cell, which can help to identify the components necessary for a particular cellular process or an event such as cell division. The pathway is also used as a practical tool in biotechnology, medicine and insecticides.