Nucleotide Sequence Databases
... • REFERENCE: credits author(s) who initially determined the sequence; includes ...
... • REFERENCE: credits author(s) who initially determined the sequence; includes ...
RNA Structure, Function, and Synthesis RNA - Rose
... Template strand: the DNA sequence that the polymerase actually uses to guide the synthesis of the growing RNA strand. The template strand is complementary to both the RNA strand and the DNA coding strand. Upstream: on the 5´side of any given position on the coding strand. Downstream: on the 3´side o ...
... Template strand: the DNA sequence that the polymerase actually uses to guide the synthesis of the growing RNA strand. The template strand is complementary to both the RNA strand and the DNA coding strand. Upstream: on the 5´side of any given position on the coding strand. Downstream: on the 3´side o ...
14: The Eukaryotic Genome and Its Expression
... • After processing, the mature mRNA exits the nucleus; unprocessed or incompletely processed pre-mRNA’s stay in the nucleus. ...
... • After processing, the mature mRNA exits the nucleus; unprocessed or incompletely processed pre-mRNA’s stay in the nucleus. ...
Lecture 4a (1/28/13) "Central Dogma"
... and deciphered with the aid of protein enzymes, and proteins can only be produced by means of genetic information from DNA? Which came first, the chicken or the egg? [Sid] Altman and [Tom] Cech have now found the missing link. Probably it was the RNA molecule that came first. This molecule has the p ...
... and deciphered with the aid of protein enzymes, and proteins can only be produced by means of genetic information from DNA? Which came first, the chicken or the egg? [Sid] Altman and [Tom] Cech have now found the missing link. Probably it was the RNA molecule that came first. This molecule has the p ...
12 RNA Activity
... High School applications: While the connection to the central dogma of Biological sciences that outlines the flow of information from transcription of RNA to translation of proteins is obvious, this could ...
... High School applications: While the connection to the central dogma of Biological sciences that outlines the flow of information from transcription of RNA to translation of proteins is obvious, this could ...
A Zero-Knowledge Based Introduction to Biology
... throwing the virus into a predesigned protein soup that contained all the polymerases and other enzymatic ingredients necessary for RNA transcription and translation. The synthetic virus was able to successfully replicate itself from this mixture.” ...
... throwing the virus into a predesigned protein soup that contained all the polymerases and other enzymatic ingredients necessary for RNA transcription and translation. The synthetic virus was able to successfully replicate itself from this mixture.” ...
The Transcription Process
... Polymerases are large enzymes composed of approximately a dozen subunits, and when active on DNA, they are also typically complexed with other factors. In many cases, these factors signal which gene is to be transcribed. Three different types of RNA polymerase exist in eukaryotic cells, whereas bact ...
... Polymerases are large enzymes composed of approximately a dozen subunits, and when active on DNA, they are also typically complexed with other factors. In many cases, these factors signal which gene is to be transcribed. Three different types of RNA polymerase exist in eukaryotic cells, whereas bact ...
MicroRNA: A novel class of master regulators of gene expression
... FEBS Letters 2005, 579: 5911-5922. ...
... FEBS Letters 2005, 579: 5911-5922. ...
Amino Acids - Biology Learning Center
... he abstractly described the gene, the ribosome, and the messenger. ...
... he abstractly described the gene, the ribosome, and the messenger. ...
Promoters - Pennsylvania State University
... • Binding sites for transcriptional regulatory proteins are often found upstream of the minimal promoter. • Binding of transcriptional activators will increase the amount of transcription from the promoter – Sp1 binds GGGGCGGGG – CP1 binds CCAAT ...
... • Binding sites for transcriptional regulatory proteins are often found upstream of the minimal promoter. • Binding of transcriptional activators will increase the amount of transcription from the promoter – Sp1 binds GGGGCGGGG – CP1 binds CCAAT ...
CS374 - Stanford University
... throwing the virus into a predesigned protein soup that contained all the polymerases and other enzymatic ingredients necessary for RNA transcription and translation. The synthetic virus was able to successfully replicate itself from this mixture.” ...
... throwing the virus into a predesigned protein soup that contained all the polymerases and other enzymatic ingredients necessary for RNA transcription and translation. The synthetic virus was able to successfully replicate itself from this mixture.” ...
Chapter 12
... small molecule called an inducer They are used only in the presence of their substrate Repressible enzymes are those that are regulated by the end product of the reaction. Repressible enzymes are regulated by the formation of their product which acts to slow their production ...
... small molecule called an inducer They are used only in the presence of their substrate Repressible enzymes are those that are regulated by the end product of the reaction. Repressible enzymes are regulated by the formation of their product which acts to slow their production ...
Protein Synthesis
... Transcription constructs an mRNA molecule through complimentary base pairing a portion of DNA. DNA replication makes an exact copy of the entire DNA molecule, whereas transcription re-writes a gene by producing an mRNA molecule from only part of the DNA molecule. 4. Why is it necessary for DNA to tr ...
... Transcription constructs an mRNA molecule through complimentary base pairing a portion of DNA. DNA replication makes an exact copy of the entire DNA molecule, whereas transcription re-writes a gene by producing an mRNA molecule from only part of the DNA molecule. 4. Why is it necessary for DNA to tr ...
RNA Ligands to Bacteriophage T4 DNA Polymerase
... • Can be used to determine optimal binding sequences for any nucleic acid binding protein • Study interactions between TFs, repressors and binding sequences • Develop RNA molecules to interact with other substrates giving examples of how the “RNA world” may have functioned – Could be a step toward r ...
... • Can be used to determine optimal binding sequences for any nucleic acid binding protein • Study interactions between TFs, repressors and binding sequences • Develop RNA molecules to interact with other substrates giving examples of how the “RNA world” may have functioned – Could be a step toward r ...
Untitled
... The function of these consensus sequences in bacterial promoters has been studied by inducing mutations at various positions within the consensus sequences and observing the effect of the changes on transcription. The results of these studies reveal that most base substitutions within the −10 and −3 ...
... The function of these consensus sequences in bacterial promoters has been studied by inducing mutations at various positions within the consensus sequences and observing the effect of the changes on transcription. The results of these studies reveal that most base substitutions within the −10 and −3 ...
Initiation
... 1. Initiation – attachment of mRNA to the ribosome (This was already covered in Step # 3) 2. Elongation – the addition of amino acids to the growing protein chain A Site ...
... 1. Initiation – attachment of mRNA to the ribosome (This was already covered in Step # 3) 2. Elongation – the addition of amino acids to the growing protein chain A Site ...
I N IN VIVO VITRO
... 2 X 10 6 cells were taken at 30 minute intervals from 2+ to 7 hours after infection and prepared forscintillatio;} counting as previously described (Verwoerd & Huismans, 1969). The remaining cells were collected by centrifugation and single-stranded RNA isolated by means of phenol extraction and sal ...
... 2 X 10 6 cells were taken at 30 minute intervals from 2+ to 7 hours after infection and prepared forscintillatio;} counting as previously described (Verwoerd & Huismans, 1969). The remaining cells were collected by centrifugation and single-stranded RNA isolated by means of phenol extraction and sal ...
Gene Section MIR211 (microRNA 211) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
... stroke. Angiopoietin-1 is a vascular strengthening factor which acts a protective factor for pathological vascular inflammation and leakage. The rs2507800 variant is located in the miR-211-binding site of angiopoietin-1, Cheng and colleagues evaluated the effect of the variant on angiopoietin-1 tran ...
... stroke. Angiopoietin-1 is a vascular strengthening factor which acts a protective factor for pathological vascular inflammation and leakage. The rs2507800 variant is located in the miR-211-binding site of angiopoietin-1, Cheng and colleagues evaluated the effect of the variant on angiopoietin-1 tran ...
The Operon - dl.edi
... sequence. Now an allosteric change in the tertiary structure of the protein allows the same amino acids to establish bonds — mostly hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions — with particular bases in the operator sequence. The lac repressor is made up of four identical polypeptides (thus a "homot ...
... sequence. Now an allosteric change in the tertiary structure of the protein allows the same amino acids to establish bonds — mostly hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions — with particular bases in the operator sequence. The lac repressor is made up of four identical polypeptides (thus a "homot ...
Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition
... • Part of the story of the control of gene expression resides in the expression of different activators in different cell types that turn on different genes to produce different proteins ...
... • Part of the story of the control of gene expression resides in the expression of different activators in different cell types that turn on different genes to produce different proteins ...
DNA microarrays and beyond: completing the journey from tissue to
... We will probably have chip sets containing whole mammalian genomes within a few years, and costs should continue to tumble. In the short term, methods will be developed so that LCM can be coupled to microarray-based analysis, allowing gene expression to be comprehensively profiled in small numbers o ...
... We will probably have chip sets containing whole mammalian genomes within a few years, and costs should continue to tumble. In the short term, methods will be developed so that LCM can be coupled to microarray-based analysis, allowing gene expression to be comprehensively profiled in small numbers o ...
Ribozymes
... The catalytic strategies appear to be similar: RNA as well as protein enzymes use acid-base groups and metal ions to activate nucleophiles and to stabilize developing charge on the leaving group ...
... The catalytic strategies appear to be similar: RNA as well as protein enzymes use acid-base groups and metal ions to activate nucleophiles and to stabilize developing charge on the leaving group ...
Identification of Novel microRNA Regulatory Proteins in Neurons
... a mutated miR-134 binding site that does not show Finally, we analyzed whether or not the RBPs also significant repression by miR-134. By doing so, we regulate the function of other dendritic miRNAs. could discriminate between effects that result from a The brain-enriched miR-138 is present at synap ...
... a mutated miR-134 binding site that does not show Finally, we analyzed whether or not the RBPs also significant repression by miR-134. By doing so, we regulate the function of other dendritic miRNAs. could discriminate between effects that result from a The brain-enriched miR-138 is present at synap ...
File
... P-site and bonds by base pairing its anti-codon with the mRNA start codon (what is the start codon?) • Elongation – The second tRNA then comes into A-site and bonds to codon of mRNA – The two amino acids joined with peptide bond • Termination – ribosome continues reading mRNA until a STOP codon is r ...
... P-site and bonds by base pairing its anti-codon with the mRNA start codon (what is the start codon?) • Elongation – The second tRNA then comes into A-site and bonds to codon of mRNA – The two amino acids joined with peptide bond • Termination – ribosome continues reading mRNA until a STOP codon is r ...
RNA interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. Historically, it was known by other names, including co-suppression, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), and quelling. Only after these apparently unrelated processes were fully understood did it become clear that they all described the RNAi phenomenon. Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on RNA interference in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, which they published in 1998.Two types of small ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules – microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) – are central to RNA interference. RNAs are the direct products of genes, and these small RNAs can bind to other specific messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules and either increase or decrease their activity, for example by preventing an mRNA from producing a protein. RNA interference has an important role in defending cells against parasitic nucleotide sequences – viruses and transposons. It also influences development.The RNAi pathway is found in many eukaryotes, including animals, and is initiated by the enzyme Dicer, which cleaves long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules into short double-stranded fragments of ~20 nucleotide siRNAs. Each siRNA is unwound into two single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs), the passenger strand and the guide strand. The passenger strand is degraded and the guide strand is incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The most well-studied outcome is post-transcriptional gene silencing, which occurs when the guide strand pairs with a complementary sequence in a messenger RNA molecule and induces cleavage by Argonaute, the catalytic component of the RISC complex. In some organisms, this process spreads systemically, despite the initially limited molar concentrations of siRNA.RNAi is a valuable research tool, both in cell culture and in living organisms, because synthetic dsRNA introduced into cells can selectively and robustly induce suppression of specific genes of interest. RNAi may be used for large-scale screens that systematically shut down each gene in the cell, which can help to identify the components necessary for a particular cellular process or an event such as cell division. The pathway is also used as a practical tool in biotechnology, medicine and insecticides.