Analysis of microarray data
... • All cells in an organism have the same genomic DNA. • Distinct cellular identities are due to differences in gene expression (= transcription & translation of gene). • Whether a gene is transcribed is often determined by the presence/ absence of other genes products (esp. proteins) … • … so genes ...
... • All cells in an organism have the same genomic DNA. • Distinct cellular identities are due to differences in gene expression (= transcription & translation of gene). • Whether a gene is transcribed is often determined by the presence/ absence of other genes products (esp. proteins) … • … so genes ...
Microarrays - Harvard University
... across multiple arrays, given the assumption of nonvariance from one sample or experiment to another. The Alien control oligos are designed specifically not to match (hybridize) with either your comparative reference or query RNAes. In addition “alien genes” can be constructed to match multiple alie ...
... across multiple arrays, given the assumption of nonvariance from one sample or experiment to another. The Alien control oligos are designed specifically not to match (hybridize) with either your comparative reference or query RNAes. In addition “alien genes” can be constructed to match multiple alie ...
RNA - Southgate Schools
... • RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA as a template and nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA. ...
... • RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA as a template and nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA. ...
RNA and Protein Synthesis
... POP QUIZ- RNA Editing Is the following sentence true or false? ► RNA editing occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. ...
... POP QUIZ- RNA Editing Is the following sentence true or false? ► RNA editing occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. ...
DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable
... bread mold to X-rays, creating mutants that were unable to survive on minimal medium as a result of inability to synthesize certain molecules Using crosses, they identified three classes of arginine-deficient mutants, each lacking a different enzyme necessary for synthesizing ...
... bread mold to X-rays, creating mutants that were unable to survive on minimal medium as a result of inability to synthesize certain molecules Using crosses, they identified three classes of arginine-deficient mutants, each lacking a different enzyme necessary for synthesizing ...
lecture9 - Stanford AI Lab
... Can detect anti-sense miRNAs (+/-) Supports single or multiple mismatches. Performs substantially better on the human data, reporting 186 known and 36 novel miRNAs (compared to 154 known and 10 novel in the initial publication) More accurate detection of lowly abundant miRNAs Faster; analyzed 30 m ...
... Can detect anti-sense miRNAs (+/-) Supports single or multiple mismatches. Performs substantially better on the human data, reporting 186 known and 36 novel miRNAs (compared to 154 known and 10 novel in the initial publication) More accurate detection of lowly abundant miRNAs Faster; analyzed 30 m ...
regulation of cell cycle
... Sequences produced within the cell by transcription from individual miRNA genes, introns, or from polycistronic clusters of closely related miRNA genes. ‘pri-miRNAs’, are several thousand bases long. miRNAs only have complementarity in a crucial ‘seed’ region 2-8 bases long in the 5’ region. This ca ...
... Sequences produced within the cell by transcription from individual miRNA genes, introns, or from polycistronic clusters of closely related miRNA genes. ‘pri-miRNAs’, are several thousand bases long. miRNAs only have complementarity in a crucial ‘seed’ region 2-8 bases long in the 5’ region. This ca ...
Bio1A - Lec 19 slides File
... interaction can occur • The active site is where specific electrons movement (chemical reactions) occur between catalyst and reactants ...
... interaction can occur • The active site is where specific electrons movement (chemical reactions) occur between catalyst and reactants ...
Protein Synthesis
... Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • Folded membrane that forms compartments where newly synthesized proteins are processed (cut, joined, folded into their final shape) • Ribosomes bind to rough ER when they start to synthesize proteins that are intended to be exported from the cell – the proteins ent ...
... Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • Folded membrane that forms compartments where newly synthesized proteins are processed (cut, joined, folded into their final shape) • Ribosomes bind to rough ER when they start to synthesize proteins that are intended to be exported from the cell – the proteins ent ...
Nucleic Acids and the RNA World
... ribozymes that were isolated had the ability to catalyze BOTH the hydrolysis and condensation reaction of phosphodiester linkages • This is why the majority of scientific evolutionists believe in RNA as the first LIFE – This is called the RNA WORLD HYPOTHESIS – This has still never been successfully ...
... ribozymes that were isolated had the ability to catalyze BOTH the hydrolysis and condensation reaction of phosphodiester linkages • This is why the majority of scientific evolutionists believe in RNA as the first LIFE – This is called the RNA WORLD HYPOTHESIS – This has still never been successfully ...
mRNA - Decatur ISD
... Which gene is read on the DNA? • Promoter region – binding site before beginning of gene – Generally referred to as a TATA box because it is a repeating sequence of T and A – binding site for RNA polymerase & transcription factors ...
... Which gene is read on the DNA? • Promoter region – binding site before beginning of gene – Generally referred to as a TATA box because it is a repeating sequence of T and A – binding site for RNA polymerase & transcription factors ...
Ingestion of bacterially expressed dsRNAs can produce specific and
... A variety of species exhibit a defense response in which a double stranded RNA (dsRNA) `trigger' produces a premature loss of endogenous RNAs with extended regions of sequence identity to the trigger (see Fire, 1999 for a review). A striking feature of dsRNA-triggered genetic interference processes ...
... A variety of species exhibit a defense response in which a double stranded RNA (dsRNA) `trigger' produces a premature loss of endogenous RNAs with extended regions of sequence identity to the trigger (see Fire, 1999 for a review). A striking feature of dsRNA-triggered genetic interference processes ...
Notes
... A sequence known as an IQ DOMAIN in the carboxy-terminal tail of the 1C subunit of the L-VGCCs was found to be crucial for the L-VGCC-dependent activation of CREB. The calcium-signalling molecule calmodulin binds the IQ domain in a calcium-dependent manner48, and mutations in the IQ domain that bloc ...
... A sequence known as an IQ DOMAIN in the carboxy-terminal tail of the 1C subunit of the L-VGCCs was found to be crucial for the L-VGCC-dependent activation of CREB. The calcium-signalling molecule calmodulin binds the IQ domain in a calcium-dependent manner48, and mutations in the IQ domain that bloc ...
From DNA to Protein
... • In eukaryotic cells, the primary transcript is made of coding sequences called exons and non-coding sequences called introns • It is the exons that make up the mRNA that gets translated to a protein RNA Splicing – Figure 7-15 • Responsible for the removal of the introns to create the mRNA • Intron ...
... • In eukaryotic cells, the primary transcript is made of coding sequences called exons and non-coding sequences called introns • It is the exons that make up the mRNA that gets translated to a protein RNA Splicing – Figure 7-15 • Responsible for the removal of the introns to create the mRNA • Intron ...
ICLAL ARGUC, Sabanci University Senior Technology Transfer
... • miRNAs are generally more stable than proteins and other forms of RNA, hence are suitable candidates for incorporation into point-of-care diagnostic kits • miRNAs are organic molecules and natural antisense interactors • miRNA expression profiles can be used to diagnose disease states as deregulat ...
... • miRNAs are generally more stable than proteins and other forms of RNA, hence are suitable candidates for incorporation into point-of-care diagnostic kits • miRNAs are organic molecules and natural antisense interactors • miRNA expression profiles can be used to diagnose disease states as deregulat ...
Transcription
... • TFIIH has several activities, including an ATPase, a helicase, and a kinase activity that can phosphorylate the CTD tail of RNA polymerase II; it is also involved in repair of damage to DNA. Phosphorylation of the CTD ...
... • TFIIH has several activities, including an ATPase, a helicase, and a kinase activity that can phosphorylate the CTD tail of RNA polymerase II; it is also involved in repair of damage to DNA. Phosphorylation of the CTD ...
8.4 Transcription - School District of La Crosse
... 8.4 Transcription • Transcription makes three types of RNA. – Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the message that will be translated to form a protein. – Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) forms part of ribosomes where proteins are made. – Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome. ...
... 8.4 Transcription • Transcription makes three types of RNA. – Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the message that will be translated to form a protein. – Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) forms part of ribosomes where proteins are made. – Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome. ...
What is a Gene?
... The first part of this article traced the evolution of the concept of a gene from Mendel's times to the middle of this century: starting from the imaginary factors of Mendel, the genes were shown, in the first few decades of this century, to be physical entities many of which were linked in a linear ...
... The first part of this article traced the evolution of the concept of a gene from Mendel's times to the middle of this century: starting from the imaginary factors of Mendel, the genes were shown, in the first few decades of this century, to be physical entities many of which were linked in a linear ...
Why genes are regulated?
... Gene activator: AR1 (activating region 1) region within the C-terminal domain, which interacts with the C-terminal domain of the RNAP alpha subunit (aCTD); AR2 (activating region 2) region within the N-terminal domain, which interacts with the N-terminal domain of RNAP alpha subunit (aNTD); AR3 (act ...
... Gene activator: AR1 (activating region 1) region within the C-terminal domain, which interacts with the C-terminal domain of the RNAP alpha subunit (aCTD); AR2 (activating region 2) region within the N-terminal domain, which interacts with the N-terminal domain of RNAP alpha subunit (aNTD); AR3 (act ...
Controls Over Genes
... B mRNA Processing New mRNA cannot leave the nucleus before being modified, so controls over mRNA processing affect the timing of transcription. Controls over alternative splicing influence the final form of the protein. mRNA ...
... B mRNA Processing New mRNA cannot leave the nucleus before being modified, so controls over mRNA processing affect the timing of transcription. Controls over alternative splicing influence the final form of the protein. mRNA ...
Enzyme and DNA Practice MULTIPLE CHOICE
... A) noncompetitive inhibitor B) competitive inhibitor C) irreversible inhibitor D) covalent modification 10) Asprin forms a covalent bond in the active site of cyclooxygenase. This inactivates the enzyme permanently. Aspirin is a (an): A) irreversible inhibitor B) competitive inhibitor C) reversible ...
... A) noncompetitive inhibitor B) competitive inhibitor C) irreversible inhibitor D) covalent modification 10) Asprin forms a covalent bond in the active site of cyclooxygenase. This inactivates the enzyme permanently. Aspirin is a (an): A) irreversible inhibitor B) competitive inhibitor C) reversible ...
Document
... • It can form a three-dimensional structure because of its ability to base-pair with itself • Some bases in RNA contain functional groups that may participate in catalysis • RNA may hydrogen-bond with other nucleic acid molecules ...
... • It can form a three-dimensional structure because of its ability to base-pair with itself • Some bases in RNA contain functional groups that may participate in catalysis • RNA may hydrogen-bond with other nucleic acid molecules ...
Chapter 6
... Proteasomes are a major mechanism by which cells regulate the concentration of particular proteins and degrade misfolded proteins. ...
... Proteasomes are a major mechanism by which cells regulate the concentration of particular proteins and degrade misfolded proteins. ...
No Slide Title
... Eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosomes are larger and more complex than prokaryotic ribosomes. Mitochondrial and chloroplast ribosomes differ from both examples shown. ...
... Eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosomes are larger and more complex than prokaryotic ribosomes. Mitochondrial and chloroplast ribosomes differ from both examples shown. ...
Protein Synthesis Overview
... 3. The mRNA gets processed (edited and packaged) 1. Introns (interrupting sequences) removed 2. Exons spliced together 3. G3 Cap and PolyA Tail attached ...
... 3. The mRNA gets processed (edited and packaged) 1. Introns (interrupting sequences) removed 2. Exons spliced together 3. G3 Cap and PolyA Tail attached ...
RNA interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. Historically, it was known by other names, including co-suppression, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), and quelling. Only after these apparently unrelated processes were fully understood did it become clear that they all described the RNAi phenomenon. Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on RNA interference in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, which they published in 1998.Two types of small ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules – microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) – are central to RNA interference. RNAs are the direct products of genes, and these small RNAs can bind to other specific messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules and either increase or decrease their activity, for example by preventing an mRNA from producing a protein. RNA interference has an important role in defending cells against parasitic nucleotide sequences – viruses and transposons. It also influences development.The RNAi pathway is found in many eukaryotes, including animals, and is initiated by the enzyme Dicer, which cleaves long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules into short double-stranded fragments of ~20 nucleotide siRNAs. Each siRNA is unwound into two single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs), the passenger strand and the guide strand. The passenger strand is degraded and the guide strand is incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The most well-studied outcome is post-transcriptional gene silencing, which occurs when the guide strand pairs with a complementary sequence in a messenger RNA molecule and induces cleavage by Argonaute, the catalytic component of the RISC complex. In some organisms, this process spreads systemically, despite the initially limited molar concentrations of siRNA.RNAi is a valuable research tool, both in cell culture and in living organisms, because synthetic dsRNA introduced into cells can selectively and robustly induce suppression of specific genes of interest. RNAi may be used for large-scale screens that systematically shut down each gene in the cell, which can help to identify the components necessary for a particular cellular process or an event such as cell division. The pathway is also used as a practical tool in biotechnology, medicine and insecticides.