Functional anatomy of neural circuits regulating fear and extinction
... population of active cells and PSD-95:Venus localized to synaptodendritic compartment (Figs. 1 and 2). mRNA and proteins encoded by immediate early genes such as c-Fos, Arc, or Homer are widely used as markers of neuronal activation in behavioral studies including studies on fear (16). However, they ...
... population of active cells and PSD-95:Venus localized to synaptodendritic compartment (Figs. 1 and 2). mRNA and proteins encoded by immediate early genes such as c-Fos, Arc, or Homer are widely used as markers of neuronal activation in behavioral studies including studies on fear (16). However, they ...
gene duplication in the evolution of sexual dimorphism
... Males and females share most of the same genes, so selection in one sex will typically produce a correlated response in the other sex. Yet, the sexes have evolved to differ in a multitude of behavioral, morphological, and physiological traits. How did this sexual dimorphism evolve despite the presen ...
... Males and females share most of the same genes, so selection in one sex will typically produce a correlated response in the other sex. Yet, the sexes have evolved to differ in a multitude of behavioral, morphological, and physiological traits. How did this sexual dimorphism evolve despite the presen ...
A FCA-mediated epigenetic route toward
... by warm temperatures. In accordance with this notion, it has been reported that FCAmediated inhibition of PIF4 activity is promoted by increasing temperatures. Notably, it has recently been reported that the FCA-PIF4 interaction is enhanced when plants are exposed to warm temperatures. We found that ...
... by warm temperatures. In accordance with this notion, it has been reported that FCAmediated inhibition of PIF4 activity is promoted by increasing temperatures. Notably, it has recently been reported that the FCA-PIF4 interaction is enhanced when plants are exposed to warm temperatures. We found that ...
The evolution of developmental gene networks
... Figure 2. The Drosophila melanogaster segmentation gene cascade. (a) Maternal genes. Maternal transcripts of the segmentation genes caudal and hunchback are uniformly distributed, whereas maternal bicoid mRNA is tethered to the anterior pole of the egg. Localized at the posterior pole is a complex o ...
... Figure 2. The Drosophila melanogaster segmentation gene cascade. (a) Maternal genes. Maternal transcripts of the segmentation genes caudal and hunchback are uniformly distributed, whereas maternal bicoid mRNA is tethered to the anterior pole of the egg. Localized at the posterior pole is a complex o ...
A systemic gene silencing method suitable for high throughput
... clone genes known only for their mutant phenotype or to test the functions of gametophytically expressed genes. Recent advances in epigenetic gene silencing have led to its use as a reverse genetics tool for examining gene function in plants and animals [6-13]. Referred to as post-transcriptional ge ...
... clone genes known only for their mutant phenotype or to test the functions of gametophytically expressed genes. Recent advances in epigenetic gene silencing have led to its use as a reverse genetics tool for examining gene function in plants and animals [6-13]. Referred to as post-transcriptional ge ...
Structural maintenance of chromosome complexes and bone
... ATRX.15–16 Yet, the mechanism through which cohesin localizes to regulatory elements and affects gene expression is poorly understood. During development, sets of genes are activated or suppressed according to a precise program. Changes in the higher order of chromatin can affect gene expression lev ...
... ATRX.15–16 Yet, the mechanism through which cohesin localizes to regulatory elements and affects gene expression is poorly understood. During development, sets of genes are activated or suppressed according to a precise program. Changes in the higher order of chromatin can affect gene expression lev ...
Diagnostic Testing for Prader-Willi and Angelman
... Overview Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex disorder whose diagnosis may be difficult to establish on clinical grounds and whose genetic basis is heterogeneous. Slightly >70% of cases are due to a 15q11q13 deletion in the paternally contributed chromosome. These deletions are optimally detecte ...
... Overview Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex disorder whose diagnosis may be difficult to establish on clinical grounds and whose genetic basis is heterogeneous. Slightly >70% of cases are due to a 15q11q13 deletion in the paternally contributed chromosome. These deletions are optimally detecte ...
You`re one in a googol: optimizing genes for protein expression
... limitations of various gene design variables previously associated with expression level are discussed. 3. GENE DESIGN PRINCIPLES 3.1. Origins of codon usage bias Grantham et al. (1981) identified biases in the codons that were used to encode amino acids in the 161 full or partial mRNA sequences pres ...
... limitations of various gene design variables previously associated with expression level are discussed. 3. GENE DESIGN PRINCIPLES 3.1. Origins of codon usage bias Grantham et al. (1981) identified biases in the codons that were used to encode amino acids in the 161 full or partial mRNA sequences pres ...
Cys mutation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 in mouse
... Figure 5. Effect of bFGF on the growth in culture of metatarsal bones isolated from E17.5 wild-type mice. (A–D) Bones before and after culture for 3 days in the absence (A and B) or presence (C and D) of bFGF (10 ng/ml), respectively. The dark area corresponds to the zone of mineralized hypertrophic ...
... Figure 5. Effect of bFGF on the growth in culture of metatarsal bones isolated from E17.5 wild-type mice. (A–D) Bones before and after culture for 3 days in the absence (A and B) or presence (C and D) of bFGF (10 ng/ml), respectively. The dark area corresponds to the zone of mineralized hypertrophic ...
Genetic characterization of the mitochondrial DNA - (BORA)
... on opposite DNA strands, as well as genes on the same strand (Wolstenholme, 1992b). Within the metazoans the mitochondrial genomes range in size from 14 – 42 kb (Crease, 1999). This variation in size can to some extent be due to differences in gene length, but in most cases it is a result of size di ...
... on opposite DNA strands, as well as genes on the same strand (Wolstenholme, 1992b). Within the metazoans the mitochondrial genomes range in size from 14 – 42 kb (Crease, 1999). This variation in size can to some extent be due to differences in gene length, but in most cases it is a result of size di ...
Using a Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism to Predict
... Use and Lab Safety: The materials supplied are for use with the method described in this kit only. Use of this kit presumes and requires prior knowledge of basic methods of gel electrophoresis and staining of DNA. Individuals should use this kit only in accordance with prudent laboratory safety prec ...
... Use and Lab Safety: The materials supplied are for use with the method described in this kit only. Use of this kit presumes and requires prior knowledge of basic methods of gel electrophoresis and staining of DNA. Individuals should use this kit only in accordance with prudent laboratory safety prec ...
Recurrent patterns of DNA copy number alterations in tumors reflect
... amplicons? It really will be important to know whether these expression data point to glycolysisrelated genes as likely targets. Copy-number amplification is widely understood as a means of tumors to increase the expression level of 'amplicon target genes'. The authors invest a lot of effort to show ...
... amplicons? It really will be important to know whether these expression data point to glycolysisrelated genes as likely targets. Copy-number amplification is widely understood as a means of tumors to increase the expression level of 'amplicon target genes'. The authors invest a lot of effort to show ...
A Tn 10-lacZ-kanR-URA3 Gene Fusion Transposon for Insertion Mutagenesis and Fusion Analysis of Yeast and Bacterial Genes.
... We describe here a new variant of transposon TnlO especially adapted for transposon analysis of cloned yeast genes; it can equally well be used for analysis of prokaryotic genes. We have applied this element to analysis of the LEU2, RADSO, and CDC48 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This transposon ...
... We describe here a new variant of transposon TnlO especially adapted for transposon analysis of cloned yeast genes; it can equally well be used for analysis of prokaryotic genes. We have applied this element to analysis of the LEU2, RADSO, and CDC48 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This transposon ...
Multiple Quantitative Trait Loci Modify Cochlear Hair Cell
... Dominant mutations of transmembrane channel-like gene 1 (TMC1) cause progressive sensorineural hearing loss in humans and Beethoven (Tmc1Bth/1) mice. Here we show that Tmc1Bth/1 mice on a C3HeB/FeJ strain background have selective degeneration of inner hair cells while outer hair cells remain struct ...
... Dominant mutations of transmembrane channel-like gene 1 (TMC1) cause progressive sensorineural hearing loss in humans and Beethoven (Tmc1Bth/1) mice. Here we show that Tmc1Bth/1 mice on a C3HeB/FeJ strain background have selective degeneration of inner hair cells while outer hair cells remain struct ...
PcGs and Hox genes - Development
... three Hox genes, although the timing of misexpression differs for each Hox gene. High levels of Ubx misexpression are already apparent within 24 hours of clone induction (Fig. 2). Misexpression of Abd-B is also detectable within 24 hours of clone induction and accumulates to high levels by 48 hours ...
... three Hox genes, although the timing of misexpression differs for each Hox gene. High levels of Ubx misexpression are already apparent within 24 hours of clone induction (Fig. 2). Misexpression of Abd-B is also detectable within 24 hours of clone induction and accumulates to high levels by 48 hours ...
Playing by pair-rules?
... Thus far, similar patterns of wg and en have been found in all four of the major arthropod groups: hexapods (including insects),(reviewed in Ref. 4) crustaceans,(5–8) myriapods (millipedes and centipedes)(9) and chelicerates (spiders, mites, scorpions and horseshoe crabs)(10–12) (Fig. 1). In all cas ...
... Thus far, similar patterns of wg and en have been found in all four of the major arthropod groups: hexapods (including insects),(reviewed in Ref. 4) crustaceans,(5–8) myriapods (millipedes and centipedes)(9) and chelicerates (spiders, mites, scorpions and horseshoe crabs)(10–12) (Fig. 1). In all cas ...
Supporting Information Parfenov et al. 10.1073/pnas.1416074111
... HPV gene (E6, E7, E1, E2, E4, E5, L2, and L1) among variants of HPV. Mated reads were counted one time. To analyze patterns of differential HPV gene expression, HPV gene read counts were divided by total RNA-seq library aligned read counts and gene lengths and standardized within each tumor (mean 0 ...
... HPV gene (E6, E7, E1, E2, E4, E5, L2, and L1) among variants of HPV. Mated reads were counted one time. To analyze patterns of differential HPV gene expression, HPV gene read counts were divided by total RNA-seq library aligned read counts and gene lengths and standardized within each tumor (mean 0 ...
Loci sarA and/or agr by the Genes Regulated Staphylococcus
... inoculate (1:100 dilution) 1.5 liters of fresh BHI medium. Cultures were incubated with vigorous aeration at 37°C and aliquots were removed at the indicated growth phases as determined by growth phase analysis (data not shown). Cells ...
... inoculate (1:100 dilution) 1.5 liters of fresh BHI medium. Cultures were incubated with vigorous aeration at 37°C and aliquots were removed at the indicated growth phases as determined by growth phase analysis (data not shown). Cells ...
A statistical framework for genome
... weakly coordinated changes in either gene expression or sequence variation in an a priori defined gene set. This joint analysis can elicit a significant biological effect even if changes in any individual gene have a small effect or is not significant at all. Importantly, this setting has been cons ...
... weakly coordinated changes in either gene expression or sequence variation in an a priori defined gene set. This joint analysis can elicit a significant biological effect even if changes in any individual gene have a small effect or is not significant at all. Importantly, this setting has been cons ...
TYPES OF GENE ACTION The interaction with in alleles of gene
... which converts qualitative character into a quantitative one. In rats, guinea pigs and rabbits, piebald spotting is produced by recessive genes when present in a homozygous state (ss). The degree of spotting depends upon the modifying factors, designed as S1, S2, S3 etc. which enhances or reduces th ...
... which converts qualitative character into a quantitative one. In rats, guinea pigs and rabbits, piebald spotting is produced by recessive genes when present in a homozygous state (ss). The degree of spotting depends upon the modifying factors, designed as S1, S2, S3 etc. which enhances or reduces th ...
Glutathione S-transferase copy number variation alters lung gene expression M.W. Butler*
... Labeling Kit, followed by additional clean-up and quantification of the biotin-labelled copy (c)RNA yield using a spectrophotometer (all reagents from Affymetrix). In accordance with Affymetrix protocols, the test microarrays were first hybridised and, if quality control was acceptable, hybridisatio ...
... Labeling Kit, followed by additional clean-up and quantification of the biotin-labelled copy (c)RNA yield using a spectrophotometer (all reagents from Affymetrix). In accordance with Affymetrix protocols, the test microarrays were first hybridised and, if quality control was acceptable, hybridisatio ...
Prof. Kamakaka`s Lecture 16 Notes
... also required positive regulation. That is, a factor was needed for specific activation of the operon. The specific activator was called CAP ( Catabolic activator protein) produced by the gene crp (not part of the lac operon). CAP forms a complex with cyclic AMP (cAMP). This complex is capable of ac ...
... also required positive regulation. That is, a factor was needed for specific activation of the operon. The specific activator was called CAP ( Catabolic activator protein) produced by the gene crp (not part of the lac operon). CAP forms a complex with cyclic AMP (cAMP). This complex is capable of ac ...
The molecular genetics of head development in Drosophila
... Snodgrass, 1960 (cited by Rempel, 1975) The development of the Drosophila embryo has provided an excellent model system for the analysis of embryonic pattern formation. In little more than a decade, many of the elements of the molecular genetic cascade underlying early development have been identifi ...
... Snodgrass, 1960 (cited by Rempel, 1975) The development of the Drosophila embryo has provided an excellent model system for the analysis of embryonic pattern formation. In little more than a decade, many of the elements of the molecular genetic cascade underlying early development have been identifi ...
Module 1: Introduction
... with your list (hopefully part of experiment design! ) – Summarize biological processes or other aspects of gene function – Controller for a process (TF) ...
... with your list (hopefully part of experiment design! ) – Summarize biological processes or other aspects of gene function – Controller for a process (TF) ...
Kallikrein-like prorenin-converting enzymes in inbred
... Kallikreins are a group of serine proteases and are distinguished by having serine residue at their active site. Their general function is to convert inactive pro-peptide into its biologically active form. In recent years, emerging evidence indicates that some kallikrein–kinin enzymes also play a ro ...
... Kallikreins are a group of serine proteases and are distinguished by having serine residue at their active site. Their general function is to convert inactive pro-peptide into its biologically active form. In recent years, emerging evidence indicates that some kallikrein–kinin enzymes also play a ro ...