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BioInformatics Tools ppt
BioInformatics Tools ppt

A CRISPR-based yeast two-hybrid system for investigating
A CRISPR-based yeast two-hybrid system for investigating

... integrating a dCas9 expression cassette4 in the genome of a previously published yeast twohybrid strain, L40, which contains the reporter genes HIS3 and LacZ with 4 and 8 LexA-binding sites inserted in their promoters, respectively6. While several adaptations of the CRISPR/C ...
Combination of Reverse Transcription and Multienzyme Restriction
Combination of Reverse Transcription and Multienzyme Restriction

... tool to detect and identify bacteria, but it cannot distinguish between DNA from viable cells and that from dead cells. In addition to the ethidium monoazide bromide PCR method, reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) can differentiate between viable and dead bacteria because most mRNAs have short half-l ...
The effect of sodium ion concentration on
The effect of sodium ion concentration on

... Kt values is not very broad. (For example, if two types of hairpin-forming sequence with the same eM—e^ values were present in equal abundance, the data would imply that the two K values differed by less than a factor of four.) This allows formulation of an expression based on equation (A3) (substit ...
Common DNA sequences with potential for detection of genetically
Common DNA sequences with potential for detection of genetically

... detect the presence of this DNA. The commercially available FlavrSavrTM tomato contains an nptII marker gene which can be detected in this way. However, antibiotic resistance markers used in laboratory construction of plant expression systems may be eliminated from genetically modified plants prior ...
Chapter 20
Chapter 20

... • Concept 20.1: DNA cloning permits production of multiple copies of a specific gene or other DNA segment • To work directly with specific genes – Scientists have developed methods for preparing well-defined, gene-sized pieces of DNA in multiple identical copies, a process called gene cloning ...
DNA chips
DNA chips

... rich source of basic information and commercial and academic links DNA chips for dummies animation A step by step description of a microarray experiment by Jeremy Buhler The Big Leagues: Pat Brown and NHGRI ...
The role of biomolecules in Gaucher Disease
The role of biomolecules in Gaucher Disease

... Ribosomes read RNA  Inactive protein produced  Protein packaged into vesicles  Vesicles transported to Golgi  Protein modified in Golgi  Protein packaged into vesicles  Vesicles fuse with lysosomes ...
Promoter-trapping in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Promoter-trapping in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

... analysis of gene function that is amenable to genome-wide analyses and that has been applied in a variety of organisms (1± 4). In addition to studying the phenotype associated with disruption of the target sequence, by insertion of cassettes containing appropriate elements it is also possible to con ...
Characterization of the amino acid response element within the
Characterization of the amino acid response element within the

... Among these genes are those that contain AAREs (AAR elements) that mediate the enhanced transcription (reviewed in [11]), and function as enhancer elements [12,13]. AARE-binding proteins have only been reported for two genes, ASNS (asparagine synthetase) and CHOP [C/EBP (CCAAT/enhancerbinding protei ...
Genome-wide analysis of DNA copy-number
Genome-wide analysis of DNA copy-number

Genetic regulation of vertebrate eye development
Genetic regulation of vertebrate eye development

... As the OV evaginates, it is patterned along both the dorsal–ventral (D–V) and the proximal–distal (P–D) axes. Shh signalling from the ventral midline is necessary for axial patterning. In D–V patterning, Shh establishes ventral identity in the OV. Shh drives expression of the ventralizing homeodomai ...
Reviews - Mi Portal
Reviews - Mi Portal

... yeast and in mammals requires the same core set of proteins: the DNA end-binding proteins Ku70p and Ku80p, as well as DNA ligase IV and its associated Xrcc4 protein. Vertebrate cells also require DNA-PKcs, for which no homologue has been demonstrated in fungi. In budding yeast there is also a requir ...
RNA Interference and Small Interfering RNAs
RNA Interference and Small Interfering RNAs

... system that recapitulates many of the features of RNAi observed in vivo.[38] In this system, dsRNA is not only processed to an RNA species of 21 ± 23 nt in length, but also some target mRNAs are cleaved in regular intervals of 21 ± 23 nt only within the region spanned by the dsRNA.[39] This suggeste ...
Full Text  - Genes | Genomes | Genetics
Full Text - Genes | Genomes | Genetics

... highly informative in many experimental settings, suffers from the stochastic nature of mitotic recombination. This entails tedious work to identify a high enough number of clones in the desired cell type in order to be able to reach a statistically sound conclusion. In addition, phenotypes affecti ...
The structure of RNase E at the core of the RNA
The structure of RNase E at the core of the RNA

... described in the main text. Phe67, Phe57 and Lys112 of the S1 domain form a basesequestering pocket, and substitution of any of these with Ala was found to abolish catalytic activity of RNase E in vivo15. These observations corroborate the in vitro observations of Diwa and Belasco16. An analysis of ...
Genomics
Genomics

... AtGUS2, and AtGUS3) that are homologous to a GUS-encoding gene from Scutellaria baicalensis were identified. The AtGUS-encoded proteins are predicted to be secretory (AtGUS1) and membrane-associated (AtGUS2 and AtGUS3) enzymes. Both AtUGT85A and AtGUS genes, like PsUGT1, exhibit localized, tissue-sp ...
Jigsaw handout - the Biology Scholars Program Wiki
Jigsaw handout - the Biology Scholars Program Wiki

... binds to lac repressor and causes a conformation change that alters the structure of lac repressor so that it cannot bind to DNA. Therefore, in the presence of lactose, lac repressor does not bind to the operator and RNA polymerase can transcribe the genes in the lac operon. Case study (homework or ...
Genetics Part 1: Inheritance of Traits
Genetics Part 1: Inheritance of Traits

... The table shows exactly what you would see if you looked at the children of these families. The traits actually seen in offspring are called the phenotype. The phenotype is the observed results. Using the Punnett square allows you to predict that half the children in these families could have cleft ...
Document
Document

... Know what restriction enzymes, “sticky ends” are, their function, and how they are useful in recombinant technology, where restriction enzymes come from Know the functions of promoter, operator, enhancer, regulator sites on DNA Know the different levels of control/their order in gene activity/expres ...
Pre-AP Biology
Pre-AP Biology

... What are the four groups of organic compounds found in living things? Know their chemical compositions, functions in living things, and some examples. ...
89 Electroporation-Mediated GFP Gene Transfer into Model
89 Electroporation-Mediated GFP Gene Transfer into Model

... posttranslational modifications machinery that plays a significant role in regulating the activity of complex proteins. In this research, the nuclear genome of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CC-125 strain was transformed by electroporation using construct plasmid pChlamy_3-GFP containing the gene cod ...
Year 13 Biology, 2011.
Year 13 Biology, 2011.

Transcriptional Attenuation
Transcriptional Attenuation

... recent reviews (Artz and Holzschu 1983; Landick and Yanofsky 1987a) and, except for a brief account of the discovery of attenuation control of pyrimidine gene expression, is not recounted here. What has proven most fascinating about attenuation is that diverse mechanisms have evolved to control the ...
Genome-wide DNA replication profile for
Genome-wide DNA replication profile for

... genome annotation. Comparable data processing was used in the recent analysis of the timing of genome replication in yeast2. This procedure resulted in a fitted curve by removing noise in regions with high probe density (Fig. 2a). Similar processing was used for the remainder of the sequenced D. mel ...
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Primary transcript



A primary transcript is the single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) product synthesized by transcription of DNA, and processed to yield various mature RNA products such as mRNAs, tRNAs, and rRNAs. The primary transcripts designated to be mRNAs are modified in preparation for translation. For example, a precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) is a type of primary transcript that becomes a messenger RNA (mRNA) after processing.There are several steps contributing to the production of primary transcripts. All these steps involve a series of interactions to initiate and complete the transcription of DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotes. Certain factors play key roles in the activation and inhibition of transcription, where they regulate primary transcript production. Transcription produces primary transcripts that are further modified by several processes. These processes include the 5' cap, 3'-polyadenylation, and alternative splicing. In particular, alternative splicing directly contributes to the diversity of mRNA found in cells. The modifications of primary transcripts have been further studied in research seeking greater knowledge of the role and significance of these transcripts. Experimental studies based on molecular changes to primary transcripts the processes before and after transcription have led to greater understanding of diseases involving primary transcripts.
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