Lecture 5 Tues 4-11-06
... import from the cytosol b. Post-translational mechanism of protein import like that of the nucleus Does not involve unfolding of the cargo Involves a soluble receptor in the cytosol that recognizes a targeting signal Involves docking to proteins on the cytosolic surface of the peroxisome c. Resemble ...
... import from the cytosol b. Post-translational mechanism of protein import like that of the nucleus Does not involve unfolding of the cargo Involves a soluble receptor in the cytosol that recognizes a targeting signal Involves docking to proteins on the cytosolic surface of the peroxisome c. Resemble ...
Photosynthesis and Sucrose Production
... the only metabolite allowed to leave the chloroplast, and it does so in exchange for phosphate (Pi) from the cytosol (Fig. 2.10). The incoming Pi reacts with ADP to form ATP in the chloroplast, and it eventually ends up in a new molecule of triosephosphate. The exchange of DHAP for Pi is mediated by ...
... the only metabolite allowed to leave the chloroplast, and it does so in exchange for phosphate (Pi) from the cytosol (Fig. 2.10). The incoming Pi reacts with ADP to form ATP in the chloroplast, and it eventually ends up in a new molecule of triosephosphate. The exchange of DHAP for Pi is mediated by ...
Ubiquinone
... • Mutation in the mitochondrial gene that encodes a tRNA specific for lysine (lysyl-tRNA) results in MERRF. • Synthesis of several proteins require this tRNA is interrupted. ...
... • Mutation in the mitochondrial gene that encodes a tRNA specific for lysine (lysyl-tRNA) results in MERRF. • Synthesis of several proteins require this tRNA is interrupted. ...
Protein expression in plastids Peter B Heifetz* and Ann Marie Tuttle
... remnants of a once free-living cyanobacterial progenitor [1] have, over evolutionary time, given up the vast majority of their genes and cellular functions to become the energy transduction and metabolic centers of the plant cell. Among the primitive features of the cyanobacterial progenitor that ar ...
... remnants of a once free-living cyanobacterial progenitor [1] have, over evolutionary time, given up the vast majority of their genes and cellular functions to become the energy transduction and metabolic centers of the plant cell. Among the primitive features of the cyanobacterial progenitor that ar ...
Rubisco
... Pi-Triose phosphate antiporter This antiporter removes dihydroxyacetone phosphate from stroma into cytosol, importing Pi into stroma to ensure continuous supply of inorganic phosphate for photophosphorylation ATP synthesis. It will also move NADPH synthesized by photorespiration into cytosol. NADPH ...
... Pi-Triose phosphate antiporter This antiporter removes dihydroxyacetone phosphate from stroma into cytosol, importing Pi into stroma to ensure continuous supply of inorganic phosphate for photophosphorylation ATP synthesis. It will also move NADPH synthesized by photorespiration into cytosol. NADPH ...
Organelle Fission. Crossing the Evolutionary Divide
... and C. elegans has been taken over at least partially by another type of GTPase, dynamin. Dynamins were originally shown to be required for endocytosis, forming a collar on the outer surface of budding vesicles that acts to pinch the vesicles off the plasma membrane (Hinshaw and Schmid, 1995; Takel ...
... and C. elegans has been taken over at least partially by another type of GTPase, dynamin. Dynamins were originally shown to be required for endocytosis, forming a collar on the outer surface of budding vesicles that acts to pinch the vesicles off the plasma membrane (Hinshaw and Schmid, 1995; Takel ...
Chromoplast Differentiation: Current Status and
... attract insects and mammals so as to facilitate flower pollination and seed dispersal. One of these strategies has been the development of bright colors, most often within a type of plastid called chromoplasts. Chromoplasts are responsible for the yellow, orange and red colors of many flowers and frui ...
... attract insects and mammals so as to facilitate flower pollination and seed dispersal. One of these strategies has been the development of bright colors, most often within a type of plastid called chromoplasts. Chromoplasts are responsible for the yellow, orange and red colors of many flowers and frui ...
Intracellular Redox Compartmentation and ROS
... Chloroplast and mitochondrial outer membranes are permeable to most metabolites, although attention has been drawn to possible selectivity even at this level (Bolter and Soll, 2001). The inner membranes are a significant barrier to metabolite movement, and transporters are therefore required (Fig. 2 ...
... Chloroplast and mitochondrial outer membranes are permeable to most metabolites, although attention has been drawn to possible selectivity even at this level (Bolter and Soll, 2001). The inner membranes are a significant barrier to metabolite movement, and transporters are therefore required (Fig. 2 ...
Role of cryo-ET in membrane bioenergetics research
... organisms. Its synthesis is catalysed primarily by the membrane-bound enzyme F1 Fo -ATP synthase. In eukaryotes, this enzyme is located in the inner membrane of mitochondria and in the thylakoid membranes of plant chloroplasts. The F1 Fo -ATP synthase of these organelles uses the energy stored in an ...
... organisms. Its synthesis is catalysed primarily by the membrane-bound enzyme F1 Fo -ATP synthase. In eukaryotes, this enzyme is located in the inner membrane of mitochondria and in the thylakoid membranes of plant chloroplasts. The F1 Fo -ATP synthase of these organelles uses the energy stored in an ...
Antisense Transcript and RNA Processing
... cells. In wild-type cells, atpB transcription reads through a downstream IR, followed by a two-step processing mechanism to yield the mature 39 end, which is coincident with the stem-loop (Stern and Kindle, 1993). In D26pAtE, the 39 IR, which is absent in D26, has been replaced by a sequence of 25 a ...
... cells. In wild-type cells, atpB transcription reads through a downstream IR, followed by a two-step processing mechanism to yield the mature 39 end, which is coincident with the stem-loop (Stern and Kindle, 1993). In D26pAtE, the 39 IR, which is absent in D26, has been replaced by a sequence of 25 a ...
ROS-talk – how the apoplast, the chloroplast, and the nucleus get
... signaling from chloroplast to nucleus during acclimation of photosynthesis (Nott et al., 2006; Galvez-Valdivieso and Mullineaux, 2010). Intriguingly, however, it has recently been realized that the role of this signaling goes beyond optimization of photosynthesis: chloroplastic ROS production and ph ...
... signaling from chloroplast to nucleus during acclimation of photosynthesis (Nott et al., 2006; Galvez-Valdivieso and Mullineaux, 2010). Intriguingly, however, it has recently been realized that the role of this signaling goes beyond optimization of photosynthesis: chloroplastic ROS production and ph ...
Peptide bonds, polypeptides and proteins printable pdf
... As it is being synthesized, the process known as translation, the polypeptide chain begins to fold. We can think of the folding process as a walk across an ...
... As it is being synthesized, the process known as translation, the polypeptide chain begins to fold. We can think of the folding process as a walk across an ...
The Regulation of Acetyl Coenzyme A Synthesis in Chloroplasts
... ent. In accordance with other authors [19, 20], the CoASH-dependence of the pyruvate-driven N A D reduction was taken as an indicator of acetyl-CoA formation. In order to eliminate PDC-unspecific rates of pyruvate-dependent N A D reduction, only the CoASH-driven portion of these activities was taken ...
... ent. In accordance with other authors [19, 20], the CoASH-dependence of the pyruvate-driven N A D reduction was taken as an indicator of acetyl-CoA formation. In order to eliminate PDC-unspecific rates of pyruvate-dependent N A D reduction, only the CoASH-driven portion of these activities was taken ...
The Regulation of Acetyl Coenzyme A Synthesis in Chloroplasts
... ent. In accordance with other authors [19, 20], the CoASH-dependence of the pyruvate-driven N A D reduction was taken as an indicator of acetyl-CoA formation. In order to eliminate PDC-unspecific rates of pyruvate-dependent N A D reduction, only the CoASH-driven portion of these activities was taken ...
... ent. In accordance with other authors [19, 20], the CoASH-dependence of the pyruvate-driven N A D reduction was taken as an indicator of acetyl-CoA formation. In order to eliminate PDC-unspecific rates of pyruvate-dependent N A D reduction, only the CoASH-driven portion of these activities was taken ...
Rubisco
... (3) Regeneration of ribulose 1,5bisphosphate from triose phosphate Fructose 6-phosphate is an important branchpoint. Cell can choose to synthesize starch or regenerate ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate from F-6-P. Animals do not have these following enzymes so they can not perform photosynthesis: Sedohept ...
... (3) Regeneration of ribulose 1,5bisphosphate from triose phosphate Fructose 6-phosphate is an important branchpoint. Cell can choose to synthesize starch or regenerate ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate from F-6-P. Animals do not have these following enzymes so they can not perform photosynthesis: Sedohept ...
Fe Sparing and Fe Recycling Contribute to
... another (usually less effective or more “expensive”) element (Merchant and Helmann, 2012). Examples include replacement of metal cofactors in enzymes, Cd- or Co-containing carbonic anhydrases in place of the usual Zn enzymes, or use of different chemical species, sulfolipids in place of phospholipid ...
... another (usually less effective or more “expensive”) element (Merchant and Helmann, 2012). Examples include replacement of metal cofactors in enzymes, Cd- or Co-containing carbonic anhydrases in place of the usual Zn enzymes, or use of different chemical species, sulfolipids in place of phospholipid ...
Dynamic Interplay between Nucleoid Segregation
... cells contain multiple cps that actively move around in response to environmental and other cues (Wada, 2013), monitoring the micromorphology of cp nucleoids at high resolution can be problematic (Terasawa and Sato, 2005). Therefore, we used the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a ...
... cells contain multiple cps that actively move around in response to environmental and other cues (Wada, 2013), monitoring the micromorphology of cp nucleoids at high resolution can be problematic (Terasawa and Sato, 2005). Therefore, we used the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a ...
Evolution of an atypical de-epoxidase for photoprotection in the
... and the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana 15,16. The npq1 mutants are defective in VDE activity and are unable to convert Vio to Anthera and Zea in high light (Fig. 1a,d). Although the Arabidopsis npq1 mutant was shown to affect the VDE gene16, the molecular basis of the Chlamydomonas npq1 mutant has ...
... and the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana 15,16. The npq1 mutants are defective in VDE activity and are unable to convert Vio to Anthera and Zea in high light (Fig. 1a,d). Although the Arabidopsis npq1 mutant was shown to affect the VDE gene16, the molecular basis of the Chlamydomonas npq1 mutant has ...
Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Peroxisomes
... they lived within larger cells (endosymbiosis). This hypothesis has recently been substantiated by the results of DNA sequence analysis, which revealed striking similarities between the genomes of mitochondria and of the bacterium Rickettsia prowazekii. Rickettsia are intracellular parasites which, ...
... they lived within larger cells (endosymbiosis). This hypothesis has recently been substantiated by the results of DNA sequence analysis, which revealed striking similarities between the genomes of mitochondria and of the bacterium Rickettsia prowazekii. Rickettsia are intracellular parasites which, ...
Lecture21
... often have multiple chromosomes Eukaryote (“true nucleus”) (linear chromosomes) are much more complex lots more genes DNA containing organelles (“little organs”) lots of “junk DNA” in their genes nucleus mitochondrion - respiration were once free-living prokaryotes chloroplast - photosynthesis ...
... often have multiple chromosomes Eukaryote (“true nucleus”) (linear chromosomes) are much more complex lots more genes DNA containing organelles (“little organs”) lots of “junk DNA” in their genes nucleus mitochondrion - respiration were once free-living prokaryotes chloroplast - photosynthesis ...
Plastid-Targeting Peptides from the
... To determine the approximate location of a potential cleavage site, the chloroplast transit peptide prediction server ChloroP (Emanuelsson et al. 1999) was used in combination with a multiple alignment of homologous proteins from other eukaryotes and eubacteria. In instances where ChloroP was unable ...
... To determine the approximate location of a potential cleavage site, the chloroplast transit peptide prediction server ChloroP (Emanuelsson et al. 1999) was used in combination with a multiple alignment of homologous proteins from other eukaryotes and eubacteria. In instances where ChloroP was unable ...
Mechanisms of mitochondrial protein import
... might be responsible for the targeting function. These signal sequences, however, can adopt an amphiphilic -helix that might be important for their recognition by the mitochondrial protein-import machinery. The signal sequence is both necessary and often sufficient for directing a protein into mito ...
... might be responsible for the targeting function. These signal sequences, however, can adopt an amphiphilic -helix that might be important for their recognition by the mitochondrial protein-import machinery. The signal sequence is both necessary and often sufficient for directing a protein into mito ...
Exclusion of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase/oxygenase
... 1995). Thus, it is generally thought that most Rubisco must be degraded into small nitrogenous molecules such as oligopeptides and/or amino acids within the chloroplasts at the early to middle stage of senescence and that the rest is then degraded by vacuolar proteases in the process of autolysis in ...
... 1995). Thus, it is generally thought that most Rubisco must be degraded into small nitrogenous molecules such as oligopeptides and/or amino acids within the chloroplasts at the early to middle stage of senescence and that the rest is then degraded by vacuolar proteases in the process of autolysis in ...
Isolation and Characterization of a Histidine Biosynthetic Gene in
... The At-IE cDNA contained an ORF of 843 bp encoding a polypeptide of 281 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 31,666 D (Figs. 3 and 4). Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that the consensus motif surrounding a translation initiation codon (AACAATGGC) in plants (Lütcke et al., 1987) was w ...
... The At-IE cDNA contained an ORF of 843 bp encoding a polypeptide of 281 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 31,666 D (Figs. 3 and 4). Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that the consensus motif surrounding a translation initiation codon (AACAATGGC) in plants (Lütcke et al., 1987) was w ...