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PERSONALITY THEORY AND ASSESSMENT
PERSONALITY THEORY AND ASSESSMENT

... • Parental criticism and punishment thwarts the developing self and stunts natural growth. The child now must channel natural growth energies toward DEFENSIVE MECHANISMS. He learns to withdraw from, fight or accept the criticism. Any method he chooses damages his sense of self-worth. He uses elabora ...
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... fairness at work, and therefore, value and seek it. People are motivated to maintain a balance between what they perceive as their inputs or contributions and their rewards as compared to others. This theory seems to work when people feel they are underpaid, but inequity due to overpayment does not ...
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Humanism Handout
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Self-actualization

Self-actualization is a term that has been used in various psychology theories, often in slightly different ways. The term was originally introduced by the organismic theorist Kurt Goldstein for the motive to realize one's full potential. Expressing one's creativity, quest for spiritual enlightenment, pursuit of knowledge, and the desire to give to society are examples of self-actualization. In Goldstein's view, it is the organism's master motive, the only real motive: ""the tendency to actualize itself as fully as possible is the basic drive... the drive of self-actualization."" Carl Rogers similarly wrote of ""the curative force in psychotherapy - man's tendency to actualize himself, to become his potentialities... to express and activate all the capacities of the organism."" The concept was brought most fully to prominence in Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory as the final level of psychological development that can be achieved when all basic and mental needs are essentially fulfilled and the ""actualization"" of the full personal potential takes place, although he adapted this viewpoint later on in life, and saw it more flexibly. Self-actualization can be seen as similar to words and concepts such as self-discovery, self-reflection, self-realisation and self-exploration.As Abraham Maslow noted, the basic needs of humans must be met (e.g. food, shelter, warmth, security, sense of belongingness) before a person can achieve self-actualization - the need to be good, to be fully alive and to find meaning in life. Research shows that when people live lives that are different from their true nature and capabilities, they are less likely to be happy than those whose goals and lives match. For example, someone who has inherent potential to be a great artist or teacher may never realize his/her talents if their energy is focused on attaining the basic needs of humans.
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