Article - The Scripps Research Institute
... such, the enzymes responsible for these processes are considered central components of endocannabinoid signaling networks [7–10]. The hydrolysis of AEA to arachidonic acid and ethanolamine (Figure 1) is principally mediated by a single enzyme in the nervous system—the integral membrane enzyme fatty ...
... such, the enzymes responsible for these processes are considered central components of endocannabinoid signaling networks [7–10]. The hydrolysis of AEA to arachidonic acid and ethanolamine (Figure 1) is principally mediated by a single enzyme in the nervous system—the integral membrane enzyme fatty ...
Engineering the substrate and inhibitor specificities of human
... changes to substrate specificity often require global changes to the protein structure [12,13]. In contrast with the challenge associated with generating new substrate specificities via the introduction of specific interactions, the generation of FVIIa variants that do not interact with ATIII, but m ...
... changes to substrate specificity often require global changes to the protein structure [12,13]. In contrast with the challenge associated with generating new substrate specificities via the introduction of specific interactions, the generation of FVIIa variants that do not interact with ATIII, but m ...
Integration of Metabolism
... citric acid cycle, which needs the oxidized forms, really slows down XXX. Pentose Phosphate Pathway [S30] a. Takes place in the cytosol b. First committed step is the oxidation of Glucose-6-phosphate c. That is activated when NADP+ is high (remember pentose phosphate pathway makes NADPH) i. When NAD ...
... citric acid cycle, which needs the oxidized forms, really slows down XXX. Pentose Phosphate Pathway [S30] a. Takes place in the cytosol b. First committed step is the oxidation of Glucose-6-phosphate c. That is activated when NADP+ is high (remember pentose phosphate pathway makes NADPH) i. When NAD ...
Computational Studies of Multi-Active Site Enzymes
... binding of its cognate and non-cognate Thr- and Ser-AMP substrates respectively, and (ii) mechanism of hydrolytic pre-transfer editing. In contrast to bound Thr-AMP, bound SerAMP is less constrained; i.e., greater positional variability, and as a result more waters are able to permeate the active si ...
... binding of its cognate and non-cognate Thr- and Ser-AMP substrates respectively, and (ii) mechanism of hydrolytic pre-transfer editing. In contrast to bound Thr-AMP, bound SerAMP is less constrained; i.e., greater positional variability, and as a result more waters are able to permeate the active si ...
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
... electron transfer during oxidation and decarboxylation of αketo acids. It is found in pyruvate dehydrogenase and αketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Lipoic acid is covalently bound to relevant enzymes through amide bond formation with the εNH2 group of a lysine side chain. ...
... electron transfer during oxidation and decarboxylation of αketo acids. It is found in pyruvate dehydrogenase and αketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Lipoic acid is covalently bound to relevant enzymes through amide bond formation with the εNH2 group of a lysine side chain. ...
End-product control of enzymes of branched
... isoleucine-valine pathway, the combination of all three amino acids gave in individual experiments activities 0.12-0.19 of those with no supplementation, the ratio of the means being 0.16. Supplementation with threonine, or with leucine, isoleucine or valine singly or in pairwise combinations, gave ...
... isoleucine-valine pathway, the combination of all three amino acids gave in individual experiments activities 0.12-0.19 of those with no supplementation, the ratio of the means being 0.16. Supplementation with threonine, or with leucine, isoleucine or valine singly or in pairwise combinations, gave ...
intermediary metabolism
... acetyl-CoA are present in very low concentrations. Since there is little need for these enzymes as long as the animals are maintained on a low protein diet, they are not made in large amounts. On a protein rich diet however, within a day, its “liver” will show substantially increased concentration o ...
... acetyl-CoA are present in very low concentrations. Since there is little need for these enzymes as long as the animals are maintained on a low protein diet, they are not made in large amounts. On a protein rich diet however, within a day, its “liver” will show substantially increased concentration o ...
4:6 Fermentation
... Fermentation allows the production of a small amount of ATP without oxygen. ...
... Fermentation allows the production of a small amount of ATP without oxygen. ...
Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart • New York
... Polymerase II at very l o w concentrations. In most eukaryotes the activity of polymerase III is affected by high concentrations of this i n h i b i t o r whereas polymerase I is insensitive. Examples can be f o u n d , however, where the i n h i b i t i o n pattern is different. In yeast for instan ...
... Polymerase II at very l o w concentrations. In most eukaryotes the activity of polymerase III is affected by high concentrations of this i n h i b i t o r whereas polymerase I is insensitive. Examples can be f o u n d , however, where the i n h i b i t i o n pattern is different. In yeast for instan ...
Crystal structure of yeast hexokinase Pl in complex
... A multiple sequence alignment of hexokinases was obtained from the PFAM database,41 in a total of 317 sequences, including that of yeast hexokinase PI. From the alignment, it is possible to compute, in a parameter named DG stat, the discrepancy between amino acid frequencies in a given position and ...
... A multiple sequence alignment of hexokinases was obtained from the PFAM database,41 in a total of 317 sequences, including that of yeast hexokinase PI. From the alignment, it is possible to compute, in a parameter named DG stat, the discrepancy between amino acid frequencies in a given position and ...
Thrombolytic and fibrinolytic
... Thrombolytic drugs dissolve blood clots by activating plasminogen which forms a cleaved product called plasmin. Plasmin is a proteolytic enzyme that is capable of breaking cross-links between fibrin molecules which provide the structural integrity of blood clots. Because of these actions, th ...
... Thrombolytic drugs dissolve blood clots by activating plasminogen which forms a cleaved product called plasmin. Plasmin is a proteolytic enzyme that is capable of breaking cross-links between fibrin molecules which provide the structural integrity of blood clots. Because of these actions, th ...
Adv. Bio. Ch 9 Glyco and Resp
... Glycolysis means “splitting of sugar” glucose (6C) 2 pyruvate (3C) 10 steps of glycolysis each with their own enzyme are broken down into two phases: energy ...
... Glycolysis means “splitting of sugar” glucose (6C) 2 pyruvate (3C) 10 steps of glycolysis each with their own enzyme are broken down into two phases: energy ...
4|HOW CELLS OBTAIN ENERGY
... objects in motion is called kinetic energy (Figure 4.5). A speeding bullet, a walking person, and the rapid movement of molecules in the air (which produces heat) all have kinetic energy. Now what if that same motionless wrecking ball is lifted two stories above ground with a crane? If the suspended ...
... objects in motion is called kinetic energy (Figure 4.5). A speeding bullet, a walking person, and the rapid movement of molecules in the air (which produces heat) all have kinetic energy. Now what if that same motionless wrecking ball is lifted two stories above ground with a crane? If the suspended ...
Concepts of Biology
... reaction that is available after the losses are accounted for. In other words, free energy is usable energy, or energy that is available to do work. If energy is released during a chemical reaction, then the change in free energy, signified as ∆G (delta G) will be a negative number. A negative chang ...
... reaction that is available after the losses are accounted for. In other words, free energy is usable energy, or energy that is available to do work. If energy is released during a chemical reaction, then the change in free energy, signified as ∆G (delta G) will be a negative number. A negative chang ...
reaction
... 6 The next enzyme converts each GP to another three-carbon compound, 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid. Because each DHAP molecule can be converted to GP and each GP to 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid, the result is two molecules of 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid for each initial molecule of glucose. GP is oxidized ...
... 6 The next enzyme converts each GP to another three-carbon compound, 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid. Because each DHAP molecule can be converted to GP and each GP to 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid, the result is two molecules of 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid for each initial molecule of glucose. GP is oxidized ...
Why study? Genetic disorders of nucleotide metabolsm cause
... serious diseases. Cancer cells show an increased production of nucleotides. Inhibiting nucleotide synthesis inhibits growth. Using this, we can develop drugs for cancer, antibiotics. Cancer cells are more sensitive to nucleotide synthesis inhibitors than normal cells. Roles of Nucleotides Nucleoti ...
... serious diseases. Cancer cells show an increased production of nucleotides. Inhibiting nucleotide synthesis inhibits growth. Using this, we can develop drugs for cancer, antibiotics. Cancer cells are more sensitive to nucleotide synthesis inhibitors than normal cells. Roles of Nucleotides Nucleoti ...
- Wiley Online Library
... the sequence of the oleaginous yeast Y. lipolytica has been published (Dujon et al., 2004), the foundations were laid to make this yeast a prime model organism for studying lipid metabolism in oleaginous yeasts. In this review we describe targeted efforts in utilizing Y. lipolytica for the bioconver ...
... the sequence of the oleaginous yeast Y. lipolytica has been published (Dujon et al., 2004), the foundations were laid to make this yeast a prime model organism for studying lipid metabolism in oleaginous yeasts. In this review we describe targeted efforts in utilizing Y. lipolytica for the bioconver ...
Fatty Acid Synthesis
... Formation of a double bond in a fatty acid involves the following endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins in mammalian cells: NADH-cyt b5 Reductase, a flavoprotein with FAD as prosthetic group. Cytochrome b5, which may be a separate protein or a domain at one end of the desaturase. Desaturase, ...
... Formation of a double bond in a fatty acid involves the following endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins in mammalian cells: NADH-cyt b5 Reductase, a flavoprotein with FAD as prosthetic group. Cytochrome b5, which may be a separate protein or a domain at one end of the desaturase. Desaturase, ...
Lecture: 27 Fatty acid and triacyl glycerol biosynthesis Biosynthesis
... chain called fatty acid synthase. In contrast, the degradative enzymes do not seem to be associated. Plants employ separate enzymes to carry out the biosynthetic reactions. iv. The reductant in fatty acid synthesis is NADPH, whereas the oxidants in fatty acid oxidation are NAD+ and FAD. Pathway ...
... chain called fatty acid synthase. In contrast, the degradative enzymes do not seem to be associated. Plants employ separate enzymes to carry out the biosynthetic reactions. iv. The reductant in fatty acid synthesis is NADPH, whereas the oxidants in fatty acid oxidation are NAD+ and FAD. Pathway ...
The biosynthesis of peptidoglycan lipid
... a-helices (Fig. 4). A largely hydrophobic 30 Å depth cleft was observed at the protein surface whose entrance carries several positively charged residues as well as a ‘structural P loop’ motif that is characteristic of phosphate recognition enzymes. A flexible domain located in the vicinity of the ...
... a-helices (Fig. 4). A largely hydrophobic 30 Å depth cleft was observed at the protein surface whose entrance carries several positively charged residues as well as a ‘structural P loop’ motif that is characteristic of phosphate recognition enzymes. A flexible domain located in the vicinity of the ...
Enzyme
Enzymes /ˈɛnzaɪmz/ are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate, or catalyze, chemical reactions. The molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates and the enzyme converts these into different molecules, called products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. The set of enzymes made in a cell determines which metabolic pathways occur in that cell. The study of enzymes is called enzymology.Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. Most enzymes are proteins, although a few are catalytic RNA molecules. Enzymes' specificity comes from their unique three-dimensional structures.Like all catalysts, enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by lowering its activation energy. Some enzymes can make their conversion of substrate to product occur many millions of times faster. An extreme example is orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase, which allows a reaction that would otherwise take millions of years to occur in milliseconds. Chemically, enzymes are like any catalyst and are not consumed in chemical reactions, nor do they alter the equilibrium of a reaction. Enzymes differ from most other catalysts by being much more specific. Enzyme activity can be affected by other molecules: inhibitors are molecules that decrease enzyme activity, and activators are molecules that increase activity. Many drugs and poisons are enzyme inhibitors. An enzyme's activity decreases markedly outside its optimal temperature and pH.Some enzymes are used commercially, for example, in the synthesis of antibiotics. Some household products use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions: enzymes in biological washing powders break down protein, starch or fat stains on clothes, and enzymes in meat tenderizer break down proteins into smaller molecules, making the meat easier to chew.