Chapter 19 Lipid Metabolism
... →When the ketone bodies are used for fuel, they are converted back to acetyl-CoA which enters the TCA cycle. → Diabetics produce acetoacetate faster than can be metabolized, so their breath will smell like acetone. → A high amount of ketone bodies in the blood can lead to ketosis (acidosis) over tim ...
... →When the ketone bodies are used for fuel, they are converted back to acetyl-CoA which enters the TCA cycle. → Diabetics produce acetoacetate faster than can be metabolized, so their breath will smell like acetone. → A high amount of ketone bodies in the blood can lead to ketosis (acidosis) over tim ...
The term chiral in general is used to describe an object that is non
... mirror image forms. Carbohydrates and nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are other examples. Thus the enzymes (the most efficient catalysts optimized by nature over billions of years) in our cells are chiral, as are other receptors that play an important part in cell machinery. This means that they pref ...
... mirror image forms. Carbohydrates and nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are other examples. Thus the enzymes (the most efficient catalysts optimized by nature over billions of years) in our cells are chiral, as are other receptors that play an important part in cell machinery. This means that they pref ...
“The only UNG useful in RT-PCR”
... •• Heat-labile without any addition of agents or inhibitors •• Eliminates carry-over contamination in both PCR and RT-PCR •• Enables downstream post-PCR analysis such as cloning and sequencing. ...
... •• Heat-labile without any addition of agents or inhibitors •• Eliminates carry-over contamination in both PCR and RT-PCR •• Enables downstream post-PCR analysis such as cloning and sequencing. ...
11-Electrophoretic method for the separation of LDH
... preferentially oxidize glucose aerobically to CO2 and water, such as cardiac muscle, the reaction is not efficient and pyruvate is preferentially converted to acetyl CoA which enters the citric acid cycle. In order to understand the differences in efficiency of this reaction in skeletal and heart mu ...
... preferentially oxidize glucose aerobically to CO2 and water, such as cardiac muscle, the reaction is not efficient and pyruvate is preferentially converted to acetyl CoA which enters the citric acid cycle. In order to understand the differences in efficiency of this reaction in skeletal and heart mu ...
Chapter 14 Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose
... phosphate was exhausted, fermentation ceased before all the glucose was used. (2) During fermentation under these conditions, ethanol, CO2, and a hexose bisphosphate accumulated. (3) When arsenate was substituted for phosphate, no hexose bisphosphate accumulated, but the fermentation proceeded until ...
... phosphate was exhausted, fermentation ceased before all the glucose was used. (2) During fermentation under these conditions, ethanol, CO2, and a hexose bisphosphate accumulated. (3) When arsenate was substituted for phosphate, no hexose bisphosphate accumulated, but the fermentation proceeded until ...
CH 2
... maintenance of a reducing environment in the cell. In order to reduce oxidized sulfhydryls back to their free states in the laboratory, we use mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol, but the cellular equivalent of this reducing agent is glutathione. Glutathione is a tripeptide, similar in structure to Gl ...
... maintenance of a reducing environment in the cell. In order to reduce oxidized sulfhydryls back to their free states in the laboratory, we use mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol, but the cellular equivalent of this reducing agent is glutathione. Glutathione is a tripeptide, similar in structure to Gl ...
CHAPTER 6
... Thiamine pyrophosphate (vitamin B1 analog) TPP assists in the decarboxylation of α-keto acids (here) and in the formation and cleavage of α-hydroxy ketones (as in the transketolase reaction; see Chapter 22). ...
... Thiamine pyrophosphate (vitamin B1 analog) TPP assists in the decarboxylation of α-keto acids (here) and in the formation and cleavage of α-hydroxy ketones (as in the transketolase reaction; see Chapter 22). ...
Ch 18
... converted to TMP quickly • Methylene donated from THF by thymidylate synthase • THF oxidized to DHF • Chemotherapy: dUMP analog ...
... converted to TMP quickly • Methylene donated from THF by thymidylate synthase • THF oxidized to DHF • Chemotherapy: dUMP analog ...
J B , Mar. 2004, p. 1531–1536 Vol. 186, No. 5
... C40 synthase performance, mutants were transformed into E. coli cells expressing the E. uredovora GGDP synthase CrtE and the C40 desaturase CrtI. Cells containing CrtM variants that have acquired C40 synthase activity accumulate lycopene. The pigmentation level was determined from the peak height (a ...
... C40 synthase performance, mutants were transformed into E. coli cells expressing the E. uredovora GGDP synthase CrtE and the C40 desaturase CrtI. Cells containing CrtM variants that have acquired C40 synthase activity accumulate lycopene. The pigmentation level was determined from the peak height (a ...
EC->PDB
... evolutionary relationships between proteins of known structure. The database has been constructed using a combination of manual inspection and automated methods, because current automatic sequence and structure comparison tools cannot identify all structural relationships reliably. Proteins are clas ...
... evolutionary relationships between proteins of known structure. The database has been constructed using a combination of manual inspection and automated methods, because current automatic sequence and structure comparison tools cannot identify all structural relationships reliably. Proteins are clas ...
Chemical and organic fertilizers affect physiological performance
... fertilizers, were added into cultural soil of Capsicum annuum to determine their effects on physiology and antioxidant activities of M. persicae. The aphids reared on zinc sulfate-treated culture showed the highest activities of general protease, trypsin, cathepsins, carboxypeptidase and lipase but ...
... fertilizers, were added into cultural soil of Capsicum annuum to determine their effects on physiology and antioxidant activities of M. persicae. The aphids reared on zinc sulfate-treated culture showed the highest activities of general protease, trypsin, cathepsins, carboxypeptidase and lipase but ...
Document
... The nicotinamide nucleotide is derived from vitamin B3. The adenine nucleotide is derived from ATP. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... The nicotinamide nucleotide is derived from vitamin B3. The adenine nucleotide is derived from ATP. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Welcome to Class 14 - (canvas.brown.edu).
... Net loss of NH3 from amino acids requires oxidation:! α-keto acids are 2 equivalents more oxidized than amino acids! ...
... Net loss of NH3 from amino acids requires oxidation:! α-keto acids are 2 equivalents more oxidized than amino acids! ...
Characterization and the role of carbonic anhydrase
... simultaneous requirement that minimal carbonic anhydrase activity be found within the cystol. The CAs are ubiquitous metallo enzymes (mainly Zn) that catalyzes the quick reversible hydration reaction of CO2 to HCO3and protons (H+) or vice versa. This “reverse” reaction gives CA its name, because it ...
... simultaneous requirement that minimal carbonic anhydrase activity be found within the cystol. The CAs are ubiquitous metallo enzymes (mainly Zn) that catalyzes the quick reversible hydration reaction of CO2 to HCO3and protons (H+) or vice versa. This “reverse” reaction gives CA its name, because it ...
7 | cellular respiration
... First Half of Glycolysis (Energy-Requiring Steps) Step 1. The first step in glycolysis (Figure 7.6) is catalyzed by hexokinase, an enzyme with broad specificity that catalyzes the phosphorylation of six-carbon sugars. Hexokinase phosphorylates glucose using ATP as the source of the phosphate, produc ...
... First Half of Glycolysis (Energy-Requiring Steps) Step 1. The first step in glycolysis (Figure 7.6) is catalyzed by hexokinase, an enzyme with broad specificity that catalyzes the phosphorylation of six-carbon sugars. Hexokinase phosphorylates glucose using ATP as the source of the phosphate, produc ...
9.1 Catabolic Pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels
... During e- transport along the chain, e- carriers alternate between reduced & oxidized states as they accept & donate e-. Each component of the chain becomes reduced when it accepts e- from its uphill neighbor, which is less electronegative It then returns to its oxidized form as it passes e- t ...
... During e- transport along the chain, e- carriers alternate between reduced & oxidized states as they accept & donate e-. Each component of the chain becomes reduced when it accepts e- from its uphill neighbor, which is less electronegative It then returns to its oxidized form as it passes e- t ...
respiration - sandsbiochem
... 2. Where in the cell does glycolysis occur? 3. What are the reactants and products of glycolysis? 4. Which has more energy available: a. ADP or ATP? b. NAD+ or NADH? c. FAD+ or FADH2? ...
... 2. Where in the cell does glycolysis occur? 3. What are the reactants and products of glycolysis? 4. Which has more energy available: a. ADP or ATP? b. NAD+ or NADH? c. FAD+ or FADH2? ...
High pressure effects on protein structure and function
... (FTIR) spectroscopy.' With the existing computational methods, one can derive detailed pressure-induced changes in protein secondary structure from characteristic shifts in the band frequencies in FTIR spectra. These data are complementary to those obtained by other techniques such as fluorescence s ...
... (FTIR) spectroscopy.' With the existing computational methods, one can derive detailed pressure-induced changes in protein secondary structure from characteristic shifts in the band frequencies in FTIR spectra. These data are complementary to those obtained by other techniques such as fluorescence s ...
The Three-dimensional Structure of 4-Hydroxybenzoyl
... Presently, little is known concerning the evolutionary history of these 4-chlorobenzoate degrading enzymes. The exposure of bacteria to such compounds could have first occurred with the introduction of synthetic chlorinated aromatics into the environment and thus, the acquisition of the 4-chlorobenz ...
... Presently, little is known concerning the evolutionary history of these 4-chlorobenzoate degrading enzymes. The exposure of bacteria to such compounds could have first occurred with the introduction of synthetic chlorinated aromatics into the environment and thus, the acquisition of the 4-chlorobenz ...
Drug Metabolism
... Drug Metabolism • Drug Metabolism: The biochemical changes that occur on drugs or other foreign compounds, the purpose of which is to facilitate elimination from the body. Body Drug (lipophilic) ...
... Drug Metabolism • Drug Metabolism: The biochemical changes that occur on drugs or other foreign compounds, the purpose of which is to facilitate elimination from the body. Body Drug (lipophilic) ...
Microsomes and S9 Prepared from Renal Tissue Yield
... We have developed procedures to prepare microsomes and S9 fraction from the kidneys of humans, Cynomolgus monkeys, Beagle dogs and Sprague Dawley rats, and we have assessed selected CYP, FMO and UGT activity in pooled and, in the case of humans, individual preparations. These microsomal samples were ...
... We have developed procedures to prepare microsomes and S9 fraction from the kidneys of humans, Cynomolgus monkeys, Beagle dogs and Sprague Dawley rats, and we have assessed selected CYP, FMO and UGT activity in pooled and, in the case of humans, individual preparations. These microsomal samples were ...
Amino acid transport in Penicillium chrysogenum in relation to
... Microbodies (also termed peroxisomes, glyoxysomes, glycosomes depending on the organism and function) are indispensable organelles that can be found in practically all eukaryotic cells. Although their morphology is relatively simple (a proteinaceous matrix surrounded by a single membrane) their phys ...
... Microbodies (also termed peroxisomes, glyoxysomes, glycosomes depending on the organism and function) are indispensable organelles that can be found in practically all eukaryotic cells. Although their morphology is relatively simple (a proteinaceous matrix surrounded by a single membrane) their phys ...
Crystal structure of the S187F variant of human liver alanine
... a cut-off distance of 40 Å were used during each simulation, until the maximum energy derivative was less than 41.8 kJmol21Å21. Then main-chain atoms were fixed and side chains of every residue comprised in a sphere of 5 Å from the coenzyme were subjected to a gradually decreasing tethering forc ...
... a cut-off distance of 40 Å were used during each simulation, until the maximum energy derivative was less than 41.8 kJmol21Å21. Then main-chain atoms were fixed and side chains of every residue comprised in a sphere of 5 Å from the coenzyme were subjected to a gradually decreasing tethering forc ...
Regulation of intermediary metabolism by protein acetylation
... includes all steps between extracellular foodstuffs or nutrients and cellular components. These steps are catalyzed by enzymes within the cell and provide energy, reducing power and building blocks for maintaining cellular homeostasis or supporting cell growth. Protein lysine deacetylases: also know ...
... includes all steps between extracellular foodstuffs or nutrients and cellular components. These steps are catalyzed by enzymes within the cell and provide energy, reducing power and building blocks for maintaining cellular homeostasis or supporting cell growth. Protein lysine deacetylases: also know ...
Enzyme
Enzymes /ˈɛnzaɪmz/ are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate, or catalyze, chemical reactions. The molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates and the enzyme converts these into different molecules, called products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. The set of enzymes made in a cell determines which metabolic pathways occur in that cell. The study of enzymes is called enzymology.Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. Most enzymes are proteins, although a few are catalytic RNA molecules. Enzymes' specificity comes from their unique three-dimensional structures.Like all catalysts, enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by lowering its activation energy. Some enzymes can make their conversion of substrate to product occur many millions of times faster. An extreme example is orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase, which allows a reaction that would otherwise take millions of years to occur in milliseconds. Chemically, enzymes are like any catalyst and are not consumed in chemical reactions, nor do they alter the equilibrium of a reaction. Enzymes differ from most other catalysts by being much more specific. Enzyme activity can be affected by other molecules: inhibitors are molecules that decrease enzyme activity, and activators are molecules that increase activity. Many drugs and poisons are enzyme inhibitors. An enzyme's activity decreases markedly outside its optimal temperature and pH.Some enzymes are used commercially, for example, in the synthesis of antibiotics. Some household products use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions: enzymes in biological washing powders break down protein, starch or fat stains on clothes, and enzymes in meat tenderizer break down proteins into smaller molecules, making the meat easier to chew.