0 - Microbiology
... gradually decreased but did not cease. Failure to reach a constant glutamate concentration was probably due to non-enzymic breakdown of the cc-ketoisocaproic acid which was formed in the reaction, resulting in a shift of the equilibrium to the glutamate side. Effect of temperature. The rate of the l ...
... gradually decreased but did not cease. Failure to reach a constant glutamate concentration was probably due to non-enzymic breakdown of the cc-ketoisocaproic acid which was formed in the reaction, resulting in a shift of the equilibrium to the glutamate side. Effect of temperature. The rate of the l ...
Approximate (generic)
... These aren't that complicated -- an exam question might just ask for the net charge at one pH, but it's instructive to look for practice at what happens to the charge at a number of different pHs, so that's what we're doing here. You can also make up your own peptide sequences for practice; they're ...
... These aren't that complicated -- an exam question might just ask for the net charge at one pH, but it's instructive to look for practice at what happens to the charge at a number of different pHs, so that's what we're doing here. You can also make up your own peptide sequences for practice; they're ...
The effects of NaCl stress on Jatropha cotyledon growth
... amino donors and may also participate in replenishing the glutamate pool (Hodges, 2002). Changes in the nitrate or ammonium uptake and nitrogen-assimilating enzymes have been observed after NaCl treatment in several plant species, such as the tomato, Popµulus x canescens, and mulberry (Debouba et al ...
... amino donors and may also participate in replenishing the glutamate pool (Hodges, 2002). Changes in the nitrate or ammonium uptake and nitrogen-assimilating enzymes have been observed after NaCl treatment in several plant species, such as the tomato, Popµulus x canescens, and mulberry (Debouba et al ...
Introduction to Carbohydrates
... 1. Hydrochloric acid: Stomach acid is too dilute (pH 2–3) to hydrolyze proteins. The acid functions instead to kill some bacteria and to denature proteins, thus making them more susceptible to subsequent hydrolysis by proteases. 2. Pepsin: This acid-stable endopeptidase is secreted by the serous cel ...
... 1. Hydrochloric acid: Stomach acid is too dilute (pH 2–3) to hydrolyze proteins. The acid functions instead to kill some bacteria and to denature proteins, thus making them more susceptible to subsequent hydrolysis by proteases. 2. Pepsin: This acid-stable endopeptidase is secreted by the serous cel ...
Introduction to Lipid Metabolism Roles of Lipids - Rose
... Because layers of lipids are good insulators, and because adipose tissue has limited metabolic activity, fat stores can reduce the exchange of heat between an organism and its environment. This insulation is important for mammals living in cold climates, and is especially important for marine mammal ...
... Because layers of lipids are good insulators, and because adipose tissue has limited metabolic activity, fat stores can reduce the exchange of heat between an organism and its environment. This insulation is important for mammals living in cold climates, and is especially important for marine mammal ...
Summary
... Aerobic “respiration” in mitochondria: important for ATP synthesis and a source of intermediates for other biochemical pathways pyruvate (C3H3O3) + 4 NAD+ + FAD + GDP + Pi + 2H2O ...
... Aerobic “respiration” in mitochondria: important for ATP synthesis and a source of intermediates for other biochemical pathways pyruvate (C3H3O3) + 4 NAD+ + FAD + GDP + Pi + 2H2O ...
1050. All of the following increase gastric secretion
... c. Encephalopathy Encephalopathy is associated with liver failure and increased nitrogenous products being absorbed into the circulation. There is no relationship between pancreatic ascites and encephalopathy. d. Painless abdominal enlargement Pancreatic ascites is almost always associated with a di ...
... c. Encephalopathy Encephalopathy is associated with liver failure and increased nitrogenous products being absorbed into the circulation. There is no relationship between pancreatic ascites and encephalopathy. d. Painless abdominal enlargement Pancreatic ascites is almost always associated with a di ...
Structure, function and selective inhibition of bacterial acetyl
... Small molecule inhibition of ACC Currently, there are no examples of antibacterial ACC inhibitors in clinical use as antibiotics. Such new molecular scaffolds are particularly valuable as they are likely to control infections of otherwise drug-resistant bacterial pathogens. Here, we will discuss rec ...
... Small molecule inhibition of ACC Currently, there are no examples of antibacterial ACC inhibitors in clinical use as antibiotics. Such new molecular scaffolds are particularly valuable as they are likely to control infections of otherwise drug-resistant bacterial pathogens. Here, we will discuss rec ...
Tansley Review No. 112 Oxygen processing in photosynthesis
... and the generation of AOS are central to acclimatory processes. These species are also implicated in the activation of stromal proteases and the mechanism of degradation of proteins such as Rubisco (GarciaFerris & Moreno, 1994), but the binding of inhibitors of low molecular mass, such as carboxyara ...
... and the generation of AOS are central to acclimatory processes. These species are also implicated in the activation of stromal proteases and the mechanism of degradation of proteins such as Rubisco (GarciaFerris & Moreno, 1994), but the binding of inhibitors of low molecular mass, such as carboxyara ...
2014
... 1 point for indicating all the correct answers for each pathway, -0.5 for each missing answer, -0.5 for each incorrect answer 36. [2 points] Fill in the blank in the following statement: During prolonged fasting, fatty acids in the liver are converted to _____A__________ which is/are transported to ...
... 1 point for indicating all the correct answers for each pathway, -0.5 for each missing answer, -0.5 for each incorrect answer 36. [2 points] Fill in the blank in the following statement: During prolonged fasting, fatty acids in the liver are converted to _____A__________ which is/are transported to ...
Towards Controlling the Glycoform: A Model Framework Linking
... 19% of the pharmaceutical market with a total sales value of $142bn as of 2011 and substantial anticipated growth [1]. Glycoproteins represent the largest group of biologically-derived medicines, constituting 78 out of 212 approved products by the EMA as of May 2012 [2]. N-linked glycans exert major ...
... 19% of the pharmaceutical market with a total sales value of $142bn as of 2011 and substantial anticipated growth [1]. Glycoproteins represent the largest group of biologically-derived medicines, constituting 78 out of 212 approved products by the EMA as of May 2012 [2]. N-linked glycans exert major ...
Role of TCA cycle and glyoxylate shunt for succinic acid production
... extremely important role in the food and beverage industry. Because its ability to produce ethanol, via alcoholic fermentation of different sugars as carbon sources, it’s widely used for the industrial production of alcoholic beverages like beer, wine or sake. During the fermentation process CO2 is ...
... extremely important role in the food and beverage industry. Because its ability to produce ethanol, via alcoholic fermentation of different sugars as carbon sources, it’s widely used for the industrial production of alcoholic beverages like beer, wine or sake. During the fermentation process CO2 is ...
The Metabolism of Acetate by the Blue-green Algae
... of Dr M. B. Allen through the courtesy of Dr A. A. Horton, Department of Biochemistry, University of Birmingham; Chlorogloea fritschii from Professor G. E. Fogg, Department of Botany, Westfield College, University of London, London. All organisms were maintained on agar (2%) slopes of the mineral sa ...
... of Dr M. B. Allen through the courtesy of Dr A. A. Horton, Department of Biochemistry, University of Birmingham; Chlorogloea fritschii from Professor G. E. Fogg, Department of Botany, Westfield College, University of London, London. All organisms were maintained on agar (2%) slopes of the mineral sa ...
acyl-CoA
... chain fatty acids • Odd chain fatty acids are less common • Formed by some bacteria in the stomachs of ruminants and the human colon. • -oxidation occurs pretty much as w/ even chain fatty acids until the final thiolase cleavage which results in a 3 carbon acyl-CoA (propionyl-CoA) • Special set of ...
... chain fatty acids • Odd chain fatty acids are less common • Formed by some bacteria in the stomachs of ruminants and the human colon. • -oxidation occurs pretty much as w/ even chain fatty acids until the final thiolase cleavage which results in a 3 carbon acyl-CoA (propionyl-CoA) • Special set of ...
Thulashie Sivarajah
... According to the crystallographic studies (LaFevre, M., 1998), SH2 and SH3 domains regulate the family of Src kinase by forming intramolecular contacts other sites that are on the enzyme. Past studies reveal the orientation of catalytic domain in the inactive form of Src; it lies opposite to both SH ...
... According to the crystallographic studies (LaFevre, M., 1998), SH2 and SH3 domains regulate the family of Src kinase by forming intramolecular contacts other sites that are on the enzyme. Past studies reveal the orientation of catalytic domain in the inactive form of Src; it lies opposite to both SH ...
CITRIC ACID (KREB`S, TCA) CYCLE
... is the major source of reducing equivalents (NADH and FADH2) used by the cell to generate ATP (via oxidative phosphorylation). ...
... is the major source of reducing equivalents (NADH and FADH2) used by the cell to generate ATP (via oxidative phosphorylation). ...
1.1 Functional Groups of Biomolecules and their Reactions
... reactive group of atoms within a molecule that contribute to its characteristic reactivity. Functionality is usually regarded as “implying the presence of heteroatoms and/or unsaturation, but it would not be helpful to attempt to define precisely the limits of application of the term” (IUPAC, Commis ...
... reactive group of atoms within a molecule that contribute to its characteristic reactivity. Functionality is usually regarded as “implying the presence of heteroatoms and/or unsaturation, but it would not be helpful to attempt to define precisely the limits of application of the term” (IUPAC, Commis ...
Chapter 15 Review Worksheet and Key
... Account for the 30-32 ATPs generated when one glucose molecule is catabolized by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. In glycolysis, one glucose molecule yields 2 pyruvates, 2 ATP and 2 NADH. Depending on the system used to shuttle the electrons from NADH into mitochondria, these 2 NADH become 2 NA ...
... Account for the 30-32 ATPs generated when one glucose molecule is catabolized by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. In glycolysis, one glucose molecule yields 2 pyruvates, 2 ATP and 2 NADH. Depending on the system used to shuttle the electrons from NADH into mitochondria, these 2 NADH become 2 NA ...
... Choice B: How would this hormone affect the regulation of glucose oxidation (glycolysis) or glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis)? You should name the enzymes involved and clearly state how they are regulated and why they are regulated in this manner. • F26P levels would fall since they are proportion ...
Analysis of structural robustness of metabolic
... and the directionality of reactions, which is available in many cases from the literature or on-line databases. A central concept in metabolic pathway analysis is that of elementary flux modes [18, 19]. An elementary mode is a minimal set of enzymes that can operate at steady state, such that all ir ...
... and the directionality of reactions, which is available in many cases from the literature or on-line databases. A central concept in metabolic pathway analysis is that of elementary flux modes [18, 19]. An elementary mode is a minimal set of enzymes that can operate at steady state, such that all ir ...
Enzyme
Enzymes /ˈɛnzaɪmz/ are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate, or catalyze, chemical reactions. The molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates and the enzyme converts these into different molecules, called products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. The set of enzymes made in a cell determines which metabolic pathways occur in that cell. The study of enzymes is called enzymology.Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. Most enzymes are proteins, although a few are catalytic RNA molecules. Enzymes' specificity comes from their unique three-dimensional structures.Like all catalysts, enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by lowering its activation energy. Some enzymes can make their conversion of substrate to product occur many millions of times faster. An extreme example is orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase, which allows a reaction that would otherwise take millions of years to occur in milliseconds. Chemically, enzymes are like any catalyst and are not consumed in chemical reactions, nor do they alter the equilibrium of a reaction. Enzymes differ from most other catalysts by being much more specific. Enzyme activity can be affected by other molecules: inhibitors are molecules that decrease enzyme activity, and activators are molecules that increase activity. Many drugs and poisons are enzyme inhibitors. An enzyme's activity decreases markedly outside its optimal temperature and pH.Some enzymes are used commercially, for example, in the synthesis of antibiotics. Some household products use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions: enzymes in biological washing powders break down protein, starch or fat stains on clothes, and enzymes in meat tenderizer break down proteins into smaller molecules, making the meat easier to chew.