S. Salgueiro Machado • M. A. ... J. P. van Dijken • ...
... containing 1 m M dithiothreitol and 2 mM MgC12. Extracts were prepared by sonication with 0.7-mm-diameter glass beads at 0°C for 2 min at 0.5-min intervals with an MSE sonicator (150 W output, 8 I.tm peak-to-peak amplitude). Unbroken cells and debris were removed by centrifugation at 4°C (20 min at ...
... containing 1 m M dithiothreitol and 2 mM MgC12. Extracts were prepared by sonication with 0.7-mm-diameter glass beads at 0°C for 2 min at 0.5-min intervals with an MSE sonicator (150 W output, 8 I.tm peak-to-peak amplitude). Unbroken cells and debris were removed by centrifugation at 4°C (20 min at ...
Bovine Angiotensin Converting Enzyme cDNA Cloning and
... Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is a zinc-containing dipeptidase that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a powerful vasoconstrictor and smooth muscle growth factor. ACE activity has been shown to be dynamically regulated by hormones, ACE inhibitors, and endothelial cell growth state. To s ...
... Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is a zinc-containing dipeptidase that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a powerful vasoconstrictor and smooth muscle growth factor. ACE activity has been shown to be dynamically regulated by hormones, ACE inhibitors, and endothelial cell growth state. To s ...
Identification of Two Mammalian Reductases
... the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and are shown schematically in Fig. 1 (4). Microsomal fatty acid elongation uses malonylCoA as the two-carbon donor and consists of four sequential and independent reactions: 1) a condensation between a fatty acyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA to form 3-ketoacyl-CoA; 2) a reduct ...
... the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and are shown schematically in Fig. 1 (4). Microsomal fatty acid elongation uses malonylCoA as the two-carbon donor and consists of four sequential and independent reactions: 1) a condensation between a fatty acyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA to form 3-ketoacyl-CoA; 2) a reduct ...
The Biochemistry of C 4 Photosynthesis
... and HCO~ in this order to the active site having Lys, His, and Arg residues. The chemical steps are summarized as follows: (1) phosphate transfer from PEP to form carboxyphosphate and enolate of pyruvate, (2) carboxyphosphate decomposes to form enzyme-bound CO2 and phosphate, (3) CO2 combines with t ...
... and HCO~ in this order to the active site having Lys, His, and Arg residues. The chemical steps are summarized as follows: (1) phosphate transfer from PEP to form carboxyphosphate and enolate of pyruvate, (2) carboxyphosphate decomposes to form enzyme-bound CO2 and phosphate, (3) CO2 combines with t ...
Analysis of the bipartite networks of domain compositions and
... It is widely accepted that complexity of biological systems arises from combinations of common subunits. In this work we investigate the combinatorial patterns of protein domains in the metabolic networks and find several general rules in the patterns of domain combinations and their evolution. Firs ...
... It is widely accepted that complexity of biological systems arises from combinations of common subunits. In this work we investigate the combinatorial patterns of protein domains in the metabolic networks and find several general rules in the patterns of domain combinations and their evolution. Firs ...
PDF
... dissociated proton in order to maintain intracellular pH. Although not in agreement with the above mentioned observations under oxygen limitation, in the worst case scenario ATP-dependent mechanisms may be involved in both proton and anion export. These intriguing observations make one wonder about ...
... dissociated proton in order to maintain intracellular pH. Although not in agreement with the above mentioned observations under oxygen limitation, in the worst case scenario ATP-dependent mechanisms may be involved in both proton and anion export. These intriguing observations make one wonder about ...
Molecular Biology of the Cell
... lactate does not directly cause acidosis, nor is it responsible for delayed onset muscle soreness. This is because lactate itself is not capable of releasing a proton. The acidosis that is associated with increases in lactate concentration during heavy exercise arises from a separate reaction. When ...
... lactate does not directly cause acidosis, nor is it responsible for delayed onset muscle soreness. This is because lactate itself is not capable of releasing a proton. The acidosis that is associated with increases in lactate concentration during heavy exercise arises from a separate reaction. When ...
Chapter 16 solutions
... Chapter 16 Solutions to Selected problems 2007 2. Tracing carbon atoms I. Glucose labeled with 14C at C-1 is incubated with the glycolytic enzymes and necessary cofactors. (a) What is the distribution of 14C in the pyruvate that is formed? (Assume that the interconversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phospha ...
... Chapter 16 Solutions to Selected problems 2007 2. Tracing carbon atoms I. Glucose labeled with 14C at C-1 is incubated with the glycolytic enzymes and necessary cofactors. (a) What is the distribution of 14C in the pyruvate that is formed? (Assume that the interconversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phospha ...
1- Glycolysis
... organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate, (ATP.) In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent N ...
... organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate, (ATP.) In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent N ...
View PDF - CiteSeerX
... did not form stable complexes. 1,3-propanediol was determined with alcohol dehydrogenase from yeast (Bergmeyer 1974). 50 gl 0.5 M NAD, 10 gl alcohol dehydrogenase, 0.9 ml buffer and 50 ~tl test solution were incubated for about 4 h at 37~ before evaluation. Oxidation of glycerol as a possible second ...
... did not form stable complexes. 1,3-propanediol was determined with alcohol dehydrogenase from yeast (Bergmeyer 1974). 50 gl 0.5 M NAD, 10 gl alcohol dehydrogenase, 0.9 ml buffer and 50 ~tl test solution were incubated for about 4 h at 37~ before evaluation. Oxidation of glycerol as a possible second ...
Bis2A 07.2 Fermentation
... molecular oxygen. Oxygen is a poison to these microorganisms and kills them upon exposure. It should be noted that many forms of fermentation, an exception is lactic acid fermentation, produce gas, usually CO2 and acids, such as lactate or acetate. The production of particular types of gas is used a ...
... molecular oxygen. Oxygen is a poison to these microorganisms and kills them upon exposure. It should be noted that many forms of fermentation, an exception is lactic acid fermentation, produce gas, usually CO2 and acids, such as lactate or acetate. The production of particular types of gas is used a ...
N-terminal portion acts as an initiator of the inactivation of pepsin at
... the wild-type. The results of the above three mutants demonstrated that the distribution of the negatively charged residues on the surface of the porcine pepsin helped to stabilize the enzyme, however, the degree of stabilization was not substantial. Since Lin et al. had shown that the initial denat ...
... the wild-type. The results of the above three mutants demonstrated that the distribution of the negatively charged residues on the surface of the porcine pepsin helped to stabilize the enzyme, however, the degree of stabilization was not substantial. Since Lin et al. had shown that the initial denat ...
05 Fermentations 2008
... • Higher glucose tolerance • Higher product yield (less ATP → less biomass) (100 g ethanol / 250 g glucose) = 78% molar conv. eff ...
... • Higher glucose tolerance • Higher product yield (less ATP → less biomass) (100 g ethanol / 250 g glucose) = 78% molar conv. eff ...
Lec 12: Fatty acid biosynthesis
... Acetyl‐CoA carboxylase Carboxylation of acetyl‐CoA by Acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACCase) is the committed step for fatty acid biosynthesis. This is often believed to be the limiting step of fatty acid biosynthesis ACCase is a multifunctional enzyme with 3 enzymatic activities: • Bacterial ACCase is ...
... Acetyl‐CoA carboxylase Carboxylation of acetyl‐CoA by Acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACCase) is the committed step for fatty acid biosynthesis. This is often believed to be the limiting step of fatty acid biosynthesis ACCase is a multifunctional enzyme with 3 enzymatic activities: • Bacterial ACCase is ...
Handout 14, 15 - U of L Class Index
... Proteins equivalent to chaperons and chaperonins have been identified. Eukaryotic folding makes less use of chaperonins, and more depends upon the action of Hsp70 chaperons. ...
... Proteins equivalent to chaperons and chaperonins have been identified. Eukaryotic folding makes less use of chaperonins, and more depends upon the action of Hsp70 chaperons. ...
PG1005 Lecture 18 Translation
... • Each AA has its own synthetase (Hence, n=20) • e.g. One synthetase exists for attachment of tryptophan to a tRNA, the anti-codon of which is complimentary to the codon sequence for tryptophan specified in the genetic code ...
... • Each AA has its own synthetase (Hence, n=20) • e.g. One synthetase exists for attachment of tryptophan to a tRNA, the anti-codon of which is complimentary to the codon sequence for tryptophan specified in the genetic code ...
ANN 303 PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL NUTRITION (A)
... Food is any material which after ingestion by animals is capable of been digested, absorbed and utilized for physiological processes. Food can be described as an edible material that nourishes. However, not all components of ingested materials are digested. For example, grasses and hay are described ...
... Food is any material which after ingestion by animals is capable of been digested, absorbed and utilized for physiological processes. Food can be described as an edible material that nourishes. However, not all components of ingested materials are digested. For example, grasses and hay are described ...
Amino Acids - UniMAP Portal
... - carboxyl group of an amino acid is unprotonated. conjugate base form (-COO-) - amino group of an amino acid is protonated. in its conjugate acid form (+NH3) Thus, each amino acid can behave as an acid or base referred as amphoteric (substance that can act as acid or base) ...
... - carboxyl group of an amino acid is unprotonated. conjugate base form (-COO-) - amino group of an amino acid is protonated. in its conjugate acid form (+NH3) Thus, each amino acid can behave as an acid or base referred as amphoteric (substance that can act as acid or base) ...
... A phospholipid replaces the fatty acid at position 1 with a phosphate group that may link to other groups (such as choline) 5. (10 pts) Please do any one of the following three questions: Choice A: Briefly describe the role of the hydrophobic effect on the formation of phospholipid bilayers and mice ...
Citric acid cycle
... Fatty acid biosynthesis and ketone bodies Pyruvate dehydrogenase, citric acid cycle and anaplerotic reactions Amino acid degradation and urea cycle Nitrogen metabolism: biosynthesis of amino acids, nucleotides and related molecules Oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis ...
... Fatty acid biosynthesis and ketone bodies Pyruvate dehydrogenase, citric acid cycle and anaplerotic reactions Amino acid degradation and urea cycle Nitrogen metabolism: biosynthesis of amino acids, nucleotides and related molecules Oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis ...
Intermediary Metabolism Intermediary Metabolism
... ketogenesis glycogen synthesis fatty acid synthesis ...
... ketogenesis glycogen synthesis fatty acid synthesis ...
STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL STUDIES OF PYRIDOXINE 5’-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE E. COLI Doctoral Thesis
... hypothesis proposes that the reaction specificity occurred first and that only afterwards the substrate specificity played a relevant role. The mechanistic explanation can be that several structural changes and adaptations are undergone to achieve perfection in catalysis, an adjustment that appear b ...
... hypothesis proposes that the reaction specificity occurred first and that only afterwards the substrate specificity played a relevant role. The mechanistic explanation can be that several structural changes and adaptations are undergone to achieve perfection in catalysis, an adjustment that appear b ...
Future perspectives in catalysis - NRSC
... you an old, unused railway tunnel, so that you can avoid a tiring climb. The guide makes it easier to reach the other valley. Chemists would say that catalysts don’t change the thermodynamics (i.e. the outcome), they only change the kinetics (which comes from the Greek “motion towards”). In our hiki ...
... you an old, unused railway tunnel, so that you can avoid a tiring climb. The guide makes it easier to reach the other valley. Chemists would say that catalysts don’t change the thermodynamics (i.e. the outcome), they only change the kinetics (which comes from the Greek “motion towards”). In our hiki ...
Enzyme
Enzymes /ˈɛnzaɪmz/ are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate, or catalyze, chemical reactions. The molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates and the enzyme converts these into different molecules, called products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. The set of enzymes made in a cell determines which metabolic pathways occur in that cell. The study of enzymes is called enzymology.Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. Most enzymes are proteins, although a few are catalytic RNA molecules. Enzymes' specificity comes from their unique three-dimensional structures.Like all catalysts, enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by lowering its activation energy. Some enzymes can make their conversion of substrate to product occur many millions of times faster. An extreme example is orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase, which allows a reaction that would otherwise take millions of years to occur in milliseconds. Chemically, enzymes are like any catalyst and are not consumed in chemical reactions, nor do they alter the equilibrium of a reaction. Enzymes differ from most other catalysts by being much more specific. Enzyme activity can be affected by other molecules: inhibitors are molecules that decrease enzyme activity, and activators are molecules that increase activity. Many drugs and poisons are enzyme inhibitors. An enzyme's activity decreases markedly outside its optimal temperature and pH.Some enzymes are used commercially, for example, in the synthesis of antibiotics. Some household products use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions: enzymes in biological washing powders break down protein, starch or fat stains on clothes, and enzymes in meat tenderizer break down proteins into smaller molecules, making the meat easier to chew.