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... suppose that Biochemistry is intrinsically uninteresting, difficult to understand or an obstacle to be overcome during your progress to a professional qualifications. In the contrary you can enjoy its study if you remember the simple biological principals that the body is formed from organs and tiss ...
... suppose that Biochemistry is intrinsically uninteresting, difficult to understand or an obstacle to be overcome during your progress to a professional qualifications. In the contrary you can enjoy its study if you remember the simple biological principals that the body is formed from organs and tiss ...
Studies on pituitary polypeptide hormones. 2. The action of pepsin
... the molecule. Thus although the Glu. His and His .Phe bonds occur as part of the same common heptapeptide structure in both corticotrophin and P-MSH, the major sites of action of pepsin appear to be different in the two molecules. Unless crystalline pepsin preparations from different sources contain ...
... the molecule. Thus although the Glu. His and His .Phe bonds occur as part of the same common heptapeptide structure in both corticotrophin and P-MSH, the major sites of action of pepsin appear to be different in the two molecules. Unless crystalline pepsin preparations from different sources contain ...
The Enzymic Activity of the Outer Shell of
... it was shown that the outer shells of many aerobic bacteria may be prepared by crushing the organisms in a Hughes (1951) press and removing the cytoplasmic contents by washing and centrifugation. Such preparations have been called cellwall membranes because they have the form and chemical constituen ...
... it was shown that the outer shells of many aerobic bacteria may be prepared by crushing the organisms in a Hughes (1951) press and removing the cytoplasmic contents by washing and centrifugation. Such preparations have been called cellwall membranes because they have the form and chemical constituen ...
Substrate specificity of protein kinase A in reaction with
... were provided by Hanks, Quinn and Hunter (Hanks et al, 1988). The common motif for all protein kinases is the homologous “kinase domain”, also known as the “catalytic domain”. This part of these enzymes consists of 250-300 amino acid residues. The kinase domain contains 12 conserved subdomains and i ...
... were provided by Hanks, Quinn and Hunter (Hanks et al, 1988). The common motif for all protein kinases is the homologous “kinase domain”, also known as the “catalytic domain”. This part of these enzymes consists of 250-300 amino acid residues. The kinase domain contains 12 conserved subdomains and i ...
The Enzymic Activity of the Outer Shell of
... it was shown that the outer shells of many aerobic bacteria may be prepared by crushing the organisms in a Hughes (1951) press and removing the cytoplasmic contents by washing and centrifugation. Such preparations have been called cellwall membranes because they have the form and chemical constituen ...
... it was shown that the outer shells of many aerobic bacteria may be prepared by crushing the organisms in a Hughes (1951) press and removing the cytoplasmic contents by washing and centrifugation. Such preparations have been called cellwall membranes because they have the form and chemical constituen ...
Chapter 15 Lecture Notes: Metabolism
... Energy is released from ATP when it is converted to ADP. This energy is used by organisms to drive energy-requiring reactions or physical processes that would otherwise not occur spontaneously. One way that energy can be released from ATP is by reacting it with H2O to form ADP, inorganic phosphate, ...
... Energy is released from ATP when it is converted to ADP. This energy is used by organisms to drive energy-requiring reactions or physical processes that would otherwise not occur spontaneously. One way that energy can be released from ATP is by reacting it with H2O to form ADP, inorganic phosphate, ...
CP1 Domain in Escherichia coli Leucyl
... of the peptide fragment from Met328 to Pro368 (within its CP1 domain). This mutant has 50% of the leucylation activity of the wild-type enzyme and has the same ability to discriminate noncognate amino acids in the first step of the reaction. However, LeuRS-B can catalyze mischarging of tRNALeu by me ...
... of the peptide fragment from Met328 to Pro368 (within its CP1 domain). This mutant has 50% of the leucylation activity of the wild-type enzyme and has the same ability to discriminate noncognate amino acids in the first step of the reaction. However, LeuRS-B can catalyze mischarging of tRNALeu by me ...
Catalytic mechanism of nucleoside diphosphate kinase investigated
... and 3′-fluoro-3′-deoxyTDP. In a similar way, 3′-fluoro-2′,3′-dideoxyUDP was found to be a better substrate than 2′,3′-dideoxyUDP, but a much poorer substrate than 2′-deoxyUDP. (kcat/Km)NDP is sensitive to the viscosity of the solution with TDP as the substrate but not with the modified substrates. T ...
... and 3′-fluoro-3′-deoxyTDP. In a similar way, 3′-fluoro-2′,3′-dideoxyUDP was found to be a better substrate than 2′,3′-dideoxyUDP, but a much poorer substrate than 2′-deoxyUDP. (kcat/Km)NDP is sensitive to the viscosity of the solution with TDP as the substrate but not with the modified substrates. T ...
Citrate Cycle Supplemental Reading Key Concepts
... every 2 NADH molecules that are reoxidized in the electron transport chain, there is a production of ~5 molecules of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation (~2.5 ATP/ NADH). Oxidation of 2 FADH2 molecules by the electron transport chain results in only ~3 molecules of ATP (~1.5 ATP/FADH2) because of diffe ...
... every 2 NADH molecules that are reoxidized in the electron transport chain, there is a production of ~5 molecules of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation (~2.5 ATP/ NADH). Oxidation of 2 FADH2 molecules by the electron transport chain results in only ~3 molecules of ATP (~1.5 ATP/FADH2) because of diffe ...
Lack of homology between two haloacetate dehalogenase genes
... The diversity of the dehalogenases may result from selection for micro-organismsable to degrade a variety of novel halogenated compounds. Enzyme evolution may be initiated by tandem duplication of a gene, followed by the accumulation of multiple mutations on either gene copy, which results in the cr ...
... The diversity of the dehalogenases may result from selection for micro-organismsable to degrade a variety of novel halogenated compounds. Enzyme evolution may be initiated by tandem duplication of a gene, followed by the accumulation of multiple mutations on either gene copy, which results in the cr ...
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) e-ISSN: 2278-5736.
... lott,1985). GGT is present in serum as part of several molecular complexes,with distinct physiochemical properties(Huseby,1982;Wenham,Horn et al,1984). GGT measurement was introduced into clinical laboratories some 45 years ago, and over that times a large amount of information on factors influencin ...
... lott,1985). GGT is present in serum as part of several molecular complexes,with distinct physiochemical properties(Huseby,1982;Wenham,Horn et al,1984). GGT measurement was introduced into clinical laboratories some 45 years ago, and over that times a large amount of information on factors influencin ...
Fructokinase (Fraction III)of Pea Seeds
... fructose to give fructose-l-P, is also present in liver (3, 8, 14). This III appeared as a single peak of activity which was eluted with 0.20 M KCI. The fractions containing fructokinase III were pooled enzyme is sometimes referred to as a "fructokinase." Saltman (19) demonstrated hexokinase activit ...
... fructose to give fructose-l-P, is also present in liver (3, 8, 14). This III appeared as a single peak of activity which was eluted with 0.20 M KCI. The fractions containing fructokinase III were pooled enzyme is sometimes referred to as a "fructokinase." Saltman (19) demonstrated hexokinase activit ...
Sequence±structure±function studies of tRNA
... diverse class of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet)-dependent methyltransferases. The enzymes characterized to date include members of two unrelated superfamilies: `classical' Rossmann-fold-like (1,2) and SPOUT (3). The relatively small SPOUT superfamily includes only a few characterized RNAspeci®c en ...
... diverse class of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet)-dependent methyltransferases. The enzymes characterized to date include members of two unrelated superfamilies: `classical' Rossmann-fold-like (1,2) and SPOUT (3). The relatively small SPOUT superfamily includes only a few characterized RNAspeci®c en ...
17_Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and Krebs cycle
... E1 - a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (with TPP) E2 – dihydrolipoyl succinyltransferase (with flexible lipoamide prosthetic group) E3 - dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (with FAD) ...
... E1 - a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (with TPP) E2 – dihydrolipoyl succinyltransferase (with flexible lipoamide prosthetic group) E3 - dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (with FAD) ...
PDF file
... form of GST-PIR1 containing only the catalytic domain (residues 1–206) was expressed in bacteria and purified in a manner similar to that of the full-length protein. When expressed on a molar basis, the specific activity of GST-PIR1 (1–206) toward p-nitrophenyl phosphate and the best protein substra ...
... form of GST-PIR1 containing only the catalytic domain (residues 1–206) was expressed in bacteria and purified in a manner similar to that of the full-length protein. When expressed on a molar basis, the specific activity of GST-PIR1 (1–206) toward p-nitrophenyl phosphate and the best protein substra ...
REGULATORY MECHANISMS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION I
... been reported to act by inhibiting the activity of enzyme systems. They do so (1) by combining with the activating protein, either through some groups essential for activity (for example, the - S H groups), through denaturation of the molecule, or by combination on the side chains where substrates o ...
... been reported to act by inhibiting the activity of enzyme systems. They do so (1) by combining with the activating protein, either through some groups essential for activity (for example, the - S H groups), through denaturation of the molecule, or by combination on the side chains where substrates o ...
Carbon metabolism in transgenic roots with altered levels
... different levels of hexokinase (HK) or cytosolic triosephosphate isomerase (cTPI) growing under different nitrogen regimes. The flux of carbon through the oxPPP in cTPI antisense roots is higher than control roots growing under high supply of N. On the other hand, the conversion of Glucose (Glc) to ...
... different levels of hexokinase (HK) or cytosolic triosephosphate isomerase (cTPI) growing under different nitrogen regimes. The flux of carbon through the oxPPP in cTPI antisense roots is higher than control roots growing under high supply of N. On the other hand, the conversion of Glucose (Glc) to ...
The biological synthesis of cholesterol
... In the early 1930's after decades of effort, the structural elucidation of cholesterol had reached the stage of completion and with this achievement one of the most brilliant chapters of organic chemistry came to a close. To chemists and biochemists alike the structure of cholesterol at once present ...
... In the early 1930's after decades of effort, the structural elucidation of cholesterol had reached the stage of completion and with this achievement one of the most brilliant chapters of organic chemistry came to a close. To chemists and biochemists alike the structure of cholesterol at once present ...
PL05_Glucdisp
... – Simulated by concentration changes that reflect a low energy charge • An increase in ADP/AMP and a decrease in ATP • These molecules bind at a site away from the active site – the allosteric binding sites. ...
... – Simulated by concentration changes that reflect a low energy charge • An increase in ADP/AMP and a decrease in ATP • These molecules bind at a site away from the active site – the allosteric binding sites. ...
Derived copy of Bis2A 07.2 Fermentation
... During glycolysis NAD+ is reduced to NADH and glucose is oxidized to pyruvate. During this process the cells must regenerate NAD+ by a second redox reaction. In respiration, this occurs when NADH is used ...
... During glycolysis NAD+ is reduced to NADH and glucose is oxidized to pyruvate. During this process the cells must regenerate NAD+ by a second redox reaction. In respiration, this occurs when NADH is used ...
04. Proteins
... connected to each other by the peptide bonds “Protein” - from the Greek word proteios, meaning primary or first rank Proteins: • most abundant macromolecules in living systems; • occur in great variety, most diverse macromolecules in living systems; • function in all biological processes ...
... connected to each other by the peptide bonds “Protein” - from the Greek word proteios, meaning primary or first rank Proteins: • most abundant macromolecules in living systems; • occur in great variety, most diverse macromolecules in living systems; • function in all biological processes ...
Document
... Subsystem: Archaeosine and queuosine biosynthesis All the experimental evidence generated on the biosynthesis of queuosine and other 7-deazapurine natural products point to a GTP cyclohydrolase(GCYHI) or cyclohydrolase-like reaction as the first step in the biosynthesis. While we demonstrated that ...
... Subsystem: Archaeosine and queuosine biosynthesis All the experimental evidence generated on the biosynthesis of queuosine and other 7-deazapurine natural products point to a GTP cyclohydrolase(GCYHI) or cyclohydrolase-like reaction as the first step in the biosynthesis. While we demonstrated that ...
The protein acetylome and the regulation of metabolism - Serval
... (Nat3) and Mitochondrial Distribution and Morphology 20 (Mdm20), while the N-Acetyl Transferase C complex (NatC) contains the Maintenance of Killer proteins Mak3, Mak10 and Mak31. Homologs to all these subunits are present in plants, and complementation of yeast natc mutants with the homologous Arab ...
... (Nat3) and Mitochondrial Distribution and Morphology 20 (Mdm20), while the N-Acetyl Transferase C complex (NatC) contains the Maintenance of Killer proteins Mak3, Mak10 and Mak31. Homologs to all these subunits are present in plants, and complementation of yeast natc mutants with the homologous Arab ...
Enzyme
Enzymes /ˈɛnzaɪmz/ are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate, or catalyze, chemical reactions. The molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates and the enzyme converts these into different molecules, called products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. The set of enzymes made in a cell determines which metabolic pathways occur in that cell. The study of enzymes is called enzymology.Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. Most enzymes are proteins, although a few are catalytic RNA molecules. Enzymes' specificity comes from their unique three-dimensional structures.Like all catalysts, enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by lowering its activation energy. Some enzymes can make their conversion of substrate to product occur many millions of times faster. An extreme example is orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase, which allows a reaction that would otherwise take millions of years to occur in milliseconds. Chemically, enzymes are like any catalyst and are not consumed in chemical reactions, nor do they alter the equilibrium of a reaction. Enzymes differ from most other catalysts by being much more specific. Enzyme activity can be affected by other molecules: inhibitors are molecules that decrease enzyme activity, and activators are molecules that increase activity. Many drugs and poisons are enzyme inhibitors. An enzyme's activity decreases markedly outside its optimal temperature and pH.Some enzymes are used commercially, for example, in the synthesis of antibiotics. Some household products use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions: enzymes in biological washing powders break down protein, starch or fat stains on clothes, and enzymes in meat tenderizer break down proteins into smaller molecules, making the meat easier to chew.