• Study Resource
  • Explore Categories
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration

... pyruvate can enter mitochondria only if oxygen is present intermediary step before many ATP can be made reaction called the Kreb’s Cycle, and produces important electron carriers (2) called NADP(H) step 3: Electron Transport Chain NADPH enters a chain reaction called the electron transport chain the ...
Chapter 9 - Cellular Respiration
Chapter 9 - Cellular Respiration

... B. Aerobic respiration – oxygen is consumed as reactant along with organic fuel (glucose) C. Cellular respiration is the enzymatic breakdown of glucose (C6H12O6) in the presence of oxygen (O2) to produce cellular energy (ATP) C6H12O6 + 6O2 -->6 CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide ...
File
File

... Each member of the group will construct a glucose molecule on their own according to the drawing provided. After each molecule is made, the group will come together and follow the instructions and answer the questions regarding carbohydrates. Monosaccharide’s (single molecules of sugar) A single mol ...
Zumdahl’s Chap. 4
Zumdahl’s Chap. 4

...  Use Half Reaction Methods ...
Document
Document

... It is a series of reactions that convert NADH (from glycolysis) back into NAD+,allowing glycolysis to keep producing a small amount of ATP ...
Unit - III - E
Unit - III - E

... forms of bonding. This bonding supplies a basic molecular skeleton that is modified by repulsive forces. These repulsive forces include the steric interactions described above. Basic bonding and steric are at times insufficient to explain many structures, properties, and reactivity. Thus steric effe ...
No Slide Title - Palm Beach State College
No Slide Title - Palm Beach State College

... – List and define the fundamental types of chemical reactions. – Identify the factors that govern the speed and direction of a reaction. – Define metabolism and its two subdivisions. – Define oxidation and reduction and relate these to changes in the energy content of a molecule. ...
Cellular Respiration Test 1. Which stage of cellular respiration
Cellular Respiration Test 1. Which stage of cellular respiration

... 2. Name the 6 carbon molecule that forms when Acetyl-CoA joins 2 carbons to a 4 carbon molecule during the Krebs cycle. The picture above shows this change. a. ATP b. pyruvic acid c. glucose d. citric acid 3. What molecule is the final electron acceptor at the end of the Electron transport chain? A. ...
Zumdahl`s Chap. 4 - The University of Texas at Dallas
Zumdahl`s Chap. 4 - The University of Texas at Dallas

...  Weak electrolyte (ions leave the solution) ...
Biology Lab (1005L)
Biology Lab (1005L)

... ← Atomic Number (# of protons) ...
Multiple Choice Questions - Elmwood Park Public Schools
Multiple Choice Questions - Elmwood Park Public Schools

... A) the citric acid cycle. B) glycolysis. C) the electron transport system. D) fermentation. E) the preparatory reaction. 10. Which process produces both NADH and FADH2? A) the citric acid cycle B) glycolysis C) the electron transport system D) fermentation E) the preparatory reaction 11. Which proce ...
Lipoic Acid 100 mg The Universal Antioxidant
Lipoic Acid 100 mg The Universal Antioxidant

... in the glucose-metabolizing enzymes, PDH and alpha-KGDH, but some researchers suspect a more direct role in cellular glucose uptake at the cell membrane. As early as 1959, alpha-lipoic acid was suggested to be an antioxidant, since it could extend the actions of vitamin C in guinea pigs, and those o ...
Biochemistry and the Cell - Tanque Verde Unified District
Biochemistry and the Cell - Tanque Verde Unified District

...  Water is not the only molecule that makes hydrogen bonds! They are important in DNA and other large molecules too. ...
C12P - Cooperative Patent Classification
C12P - Cooperative Patent Classification

... an unbroken chain bound to a carboxyl group; Oxidised oils or fats . {Fatty acids} . . {by hydrolysis of Fatty acid esters} . . {Polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFA], i.e. having 2 or more double bonds in their backbone} . {Fatty acid esters} . . {Glycerides} . . . {by esterification} . . . {obtained ...
Secondary Metabolism Part 1: Introduction, Fatty Acids and
Secondary Metabolism Part 1: Introduction, Fatty Acids and

... • Carbocation formed can be “quenched” several ways ...
Aerobic Metabolism: The Citric Acid Cycle
Aerobic Metabolism: The Citric Acid Cycle

... In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is part of a metabolic pathway involved in the chemical conversion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water to generate a form of usable energy. The citric acid cycle also provides precursors for many compounds such as certain amin ...
Summer Resources - mvhs
Summer Resources - mvhs

... Polar and Non Polar covalent bonds Non Polar Covalent Bond: e are shared equally by both nuclei equally,. Ex. H2, N2 Polar Covalent Bond: In polar covalent bond, the e tend to be more towards the atom having a higher electro negativity. Ex. H2O Electro negativity difference and bonding: The differen ...
Electrochemistry
Electrochemistry

... Galvanic or Voltaic Cells -Device in which chemical energy is changed to electrical energy -Uses a spontaneous redox reaction to produce a current that can be used to do work -oxidizing agent is separated from the reducing agent and the electrons are forced to transfer through a wire -the current p ...
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY NOTES , 2s , 2px , 2py , 2pz , 2s , 2px , 2py
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY NOTES , 2s , 2px , 2py , 2pz , 2s , 2px , 2py

... A pale yellow precipitate of tri-iodo methane, –COOH group would therefore make the acid CHI3, is obtained which gives evidence of the even less acidic, and would not favor presence of CH3CHOH- group dissociation. In the above diagram, Notice the formation of an Aldehyde in Step (2). The “H” present ...
1. Natures Chemistry Unit Questions
1. Natures Chemistry Unit Questions

... (ii) How would the reaction mixture be heated? (1) (c) Aldehydes can also be formed by the reaction of some alcohols with copper(II) oxide. Name the type of alcohol that would react with copper(II) oxide to form an aldehyde. ...
Unit 3 Notes
Unit 3 Notes

...  Chemical reactants ‘fit’ into regions of the enzyme (like a lock holds a shape that a key can fit into)  The enzyme ‘holds’ the chemical reactants together in the ideal configuration for the reaction to occur ...
Aerobic Metabolism: The Citric Acid Cycle
Aerobic Metabolism: The Citric Acid Cycle

... In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is part of a metabolic pathway involved in the chemical conversion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water to generate a form of usable energy. The citric acid cycle also provides precursors for many compounds such as certain amin ...
Chapter 5 Lecture Notes
Chapter 5 Lecture Notes

... 2. Anaerobic cellular respiration yields less energy than aerobic cellular respiration because only part of the Krebs cycle operates under anaerobic conditions, and not all the carriers in the ETC participate in anaerobic cellular respiration. a. ATP yield is less than 38 but more than 2. 3. Anaerob ...
Document
Document

... Monosaccharides – single sugar units, the monomers of carbohydrates. Primary source of energy for cells, some can be structural. Glucose is the main source of energy for cells Disaccharides – two sugar units. Nutritional molecules for plants and in milk for offspring. Sucrose is the main source of n ...
All amino acids participate in these reactions at some
All amino acids participate in these reactions at some

... All amino acids participate in these reactions at some point in their catabolism *** This is false; serine and threonine are not transaminated ¾ they are oxidatively deaminated (release NH3) by a dehydratase enzyme to form pyruvate and propionyl coA respectively. The first step in the catabolism of ...
< 1 ... 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 ... 74 >

Radical (chemistry)



In chemistry, a radical (more precisely, a free radical) is an atom, molecule, or ion that has unpaired valency electrons.With some exceptions, these unpaired electrons make free radicals highly chemically reactive towards other substances, or even towards themselves: their molecules will often spontaneously dimerize or polymerize if they come in contact with each other. Most radicals are reasonably stable only at very low concentrations in inert media or in a vacuum.A notable example of a free radical is the hydroxyl radical (HO•), a molecule that has one unpaired electron on the oxygen atom. Two other examples are triplet oxygen and triplet carbene (:CH2) which have two unpaired electrons. In contrast, the hydroxyl anion (HO−) is not a radical, since the unpaired electron is resolved by the addition of an electron; singlet oxygen and singlet carbene are not radicals as the two electrons are paired.Free radicals may be created in a number of ways, including synthesis with very dilute or rarefied reagents, reactions at very low temperatures, or breakup of larger molecules. The latter can be affected by any process that puts enough energy into the parent molecule, such as ionizing radiation, heat, electrical discharges, electrolysis, and chemical reactions. Indeed, radicals are intermediate stages in many chemical reactions.Free radicals play an important role in combustion, atmospheric chemistry, polymerization, plasma chemistry, biochemistry, and many other chemical processes. In living organisms, the free radicals superoxide and nitric oxide and their reaction products regulate many processes, such as control of vascular tone and thus blood pressure. They also play a key role in the intermediary metabolism of various biological compounds. Such radicals can even be messengers in a process dubbed redox signaling. A radical may be trapped within a solvent cage or be otherwise bound.Until late in the 20th century the word ""radical"" was used in chemistry to indicate any connected group of atoms, such as a methyl group or a carboxyl, whether it was part of a larger molecule or a molecule on its own. The qualifier ""free"" was then needed to specify the unbound case. Following recent nomenclature revisions, a part of a larger molecule is now called a functional group or substituent, and ""radical"" now implies ""free"". However, the old nomenclature may still occur in the literature.
  • studyres.com © 2025
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report