Chapter 2. The Chemical Context of Life
... Two atoms can share more than one pair of electrons double bonds (2 pairs of electrons) triple bonds (3 pairs of electrons) ...
... Two atoms can share more than one pair of electrons double bonds (2 pairs of electrons) triple bonds (3 pairs of electrons) ...
Hydrogen Bonding
... symmetrically to provide a pair of free radicals (derived from the unpaired spins of their electrons) often observed in the breaking of identical or similar atoms The bonds are broken asymmetrically to produce a pair of ions electron deficient and electron rich The energy required to break a cov ...
... symmetrically to provide a pair of free radicals (derived from the unpaired spins of their electrons) often observed in the breaking of identical or similar atoms The bonds are broken asymmetrically to produce a pair of ions electron deficient and electron rich The energy required to break a cov ...
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... such as fats and oils. Lipid molecules consist of fatty acids, with or without additional molecules. Fatty acids are organic compounds that have the general formula CH3(CH2)nCOOH, where n usually ranges from 2 to 28 and is always an even number. Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids Fatty acids can ...
... such as fats and oils. Lipid molecules consist of fatty acids, with or without additional molecules. Fatty acids are organic compounds that have the general formula CH3(CH2)nCOOH, where n usually ranges from 2 to 28 and is always an even number. Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids Fatty acids can ...
Cell Resp. Study Guide
... 3. Both cellular respiration and photosynthesis are redox reactions. In redox, reactions pay attention to the flow of electrons. What is the difference between oxidation and reduction? ...
... 3. Both cellular respiration and photosynthesis are redox reactions. In redox, reactions pay attention to the flow of electrons. What is the difference between oxidation and reduction? ...
Lipid Hydroperoxide Activation of N-Hydroxy-N
... ing hematin plus N-OH-AAF. The lowest trace is the spec trum of hematin plus N-OH-AAF versus hematin. The upper trace is the spectrum after ascorbate addition to the hema tin plus N-OH-AAF solution only. Ascorbate addition re suIted in an increased absorbance at 265 nm as would be expected. After LA ...
... ing hematin plus N-OH-AAF. The lowest trace is the spec trum of hematin plus N-OH-AAF versus hematin. The upper trace is the spectrum after ascorbate addition to the hema tin plus N-OH-AAF solution only. Ascorbate addition re suIted in an increased absorbance at 265 nm as would be expected. After LA ...
8 Cellular Respiration-2016 ClydeRamloch... 167KB Nov 02 2016
... Cellular Respiration What are the four phases of cellular Respiration? All cells need energy all the time, and their primary source of energy is ATP. The methods cells use to make ATP vary depending on the availability of oxygen and their biological make-up. In many cases the cells are in an oxygen- ...
... Cellular Respiration What are the four phases of cellular Respiration? All cells need energy all the time, and their primary source of energy is ATP. The methods cells use to make ATP vary depending on the availability of oxygen and their biological make-up. In many cases the cells are in an oxygen- ...
CHAPTER 2: THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE
... a. have one or more double bond between the carbons in their fatty acid chains; b. are liquid at RT (oils); c. are plant fats; d. include corn and olive oil, e. are nutritionally "GOOD" fat; ...
... a. have one or more double bond between the carbons in their fatty acid chains; b. are liquid at RT (oils); c. are plant fats; d. include corn and olive oil, e. are nutritionally "GOOD" fat; ...
Metabolism of fats and proteins
... What kind of biomolecules make up the electron transport chain? What are the important functions of these biomolecules? Is oxygen required for the electron transport chain to function? If so, what is its role? The electron transport chain is where oxidative phosphorylation occurs. Where does the oxi ...
... What kind of biomolecules make up the electron transport chain? What are the important functions of these biomolecules? Is oxygen required for the electron transport chain to function? If so, what is its role? The electron transport chain is where oxidative phosphorylation occurs. Where does the oxi ...
Chapter 2: The Chemical Level Of Organization
... on. A mole of anything is 6.02 x 1023 copies of that thing. Why is the concept of moles useful? As stated in 10th Martini (p. 30), “Expressing relationships in moles rather than in grams makes it easier to keep track of the relative numbers of atoms in chemical samples and processes. For example, if ...
... on. A mole of anything is 6.02 x 1023 copies of that thing. Why is the concept of moles useful? As stated in 10th Martini (p. 30), “Expressing relationships in moles rather than in grams makes it easier to keep track of the relative numbers of atoms in chemical samples and processes. For example, if ...
Cellular Respiration:
... Lactic acid fermentation: Bacteria and muscle cells come to mind. Lactic acid is a preservative in foods like sour kraut, kim chi, or olives. However, in muscle cells that are called upon to work harder than they are conditioned to work, lactic acid can build up and contribute to the muscle soreness ...
... Lactic acid fermentation: Bacteria and muscle cells come to mind. Lactic acid is a preservative in foods like sour kraut, kim chi, or olives. However, in muscle cells that are called upon to work harder than they are conditioned to work, lactic acid can build up and contribute to the muscle soreness ...
Cellular Respiration
... the process moves onto oxidative reduction & the kreb’s cycle. • Possible for 36 ATP to be made. ...
... the process moves onto oxidative reduction & the kreb’s cycle. • Possible for 36 ATP to be made. ...
Benfotiamine 150 + Alpha-Lipoic Acid 300
... in helping to safeguard the integrity of human DNA by increasing the antioxidant capacity of plasma.15 In the laboratory, when human, rat, and porcine kidney cells were exposed to toxins that assault the integrity of DNA, benfotiamine was able to reduce oxidative stress under these circumstances.16 ...
... in helping to safeguard the integrity of human DNA by increasing the antioxidant capacity of plasma.15 In the laboratory, when human, rat, and porcine kidney cells were exposed to toxins that assault the integrity of DNA, benfotiamine was able to reduce oxidative stress under these circumstances.16 ...
Self Assessment Form This is a pre
... This is a pre-screen Physiology and biochemistry self assessment form for application to the Pg Diploma in Dietetics and MSc in Public Health Nutrition. Applicants should use this form to self declare any relevant prior study which can be used as part of the admissions process and as outlined in the ...
... This is a pre-screen Physiology and biochemistry self assessment form for application to the Pg Diploma in Dietetics and MSc in Public Health Nutrition. Applicants should use this form to self declare any relevant prior study which can be used as part of the admissions process and as outlined in the ...
Gas-Forming reactions Reactions that form a
... Gas-Forming reactions Reactions that form a gas as one of the products are gas-forming reaction. Most common examples involve metal carbonates and acids. CaCO3 + 2CH3COOH(aq) → Ca(CH3COO)2(aq) + H2CO3(aq) H2CO3(aq) → Overall equation Ionic equation: Net ionic equation: ...
... Gas-Forming reactions Reactions that form a gas as one of the products are gas-forming reaction. Most common examples involve metal carbonates and acids. CaCO3 + 2CH3COOH(aq) → Ca(CH3COO)2(aq) + H2CO3(aq) H2CO3(aq) → Overall equation Ionic equation: Net ionic equation: ...
Cell Respiration State that oxidation involves the loss of electrons
... TerminaI Oxidation and Oxidative PhosphoryIation In the Krebs cycle and glycolysis, pairs of hydrogen atoms are removed from the respiratory substrates. Oxidised NAD is converted into reduced NAD, except in the Krebs cycle, where FAD is reduced instead. Hydrogen atoms or their electrons are transpor ...
... TerminaI Oxidation and Oxidative PhosphoryIation In the Krebs cycle and glycolysis, pairs of hydrogen atoms are removed from the respiratory substrates. Oxidised NAD is converted into reduced NAD, except in the Krebs cycle, where FAD is reduced instead. Hydrogen atoms or their electrons are transpor ...
Chapter 1 Review Key
... 43. When atoms bond they “fill” or empty their outer electron orbital (shells), which results in their most stable conformation. This can be achieved by sharing (molecular bonding) or transferring electrons (ionic bonding). 44. A redox reaction is an exchange of electrons. One atom loses electrons a ...
... 43. When atoms bond they “fill” or empty their outer electron orbital (shells), which results in their most stable conformation. This can be achieved by sharing (molecular bonding) or transferring electrons (ionic bonding). 44. A redox reaction is an exchange of electrons. One atom loses electrons a ...
Chapter 6 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Overview All living
... Energy reactions often require an input of energy and glycolysis is not an exception. Glycolysis has both an energy investment and energy releasing phase. Examine Figure 6.7c—notice at the top that we need to invest 2 ATP to start the reaction, while at the end of the reaction we get 4 ATP out for a ...
... Energy reactions often require an input of energy and glycolysis is not an exception. Glycolysis has both an energy investment and energy releasing phase. Examine Figure 6.7c—notice at the top that we need to invest 2 ATP to start the reaction, while at the end of the reaction we get 4 ATP out for a ...
CHAPTER 7 – COENZYMES AND VITAMINS CHAPTER SUMMARY
... 35. Ubiquinone (coenzyme ___) is lipid soluble and synthesized by almost all species. Its long hydrophobic chain allows it to dissolve into _______________, and its function is the transport of _______________ between membrane-embedded enzyme complexes. 36. Coenzyme Q is responsible for moving _____ ...
... 35. Ubiquinone (coenzyme ___) is lipid soluble and synthesized by almost all species. Its long hydrophobic chain allows it to dissolve into _______________, and its function is the transport of _______________ between membrane-embedded enzyme complexes. 36. Coenzyme Q is responsible for moving _____ ...
Lecture 16
... This is not an acid/base reaction, the H+ comes from the removal of a hydrogen atom with its electron, not just the proton AH2 and A together constitute a conjugate redox pair that can reduce another compound, B, or redox pair (B/BH2) by transfer of hydrogen atoms: AH2 + B A + BH2 ...
... This is not an acid/base reaction, the H+ comes from the removal of a hydrogen atom with its electron, not just the proton AH2 and A together constitute a conjugate redox pair that can reduce another compound, B, or redox pair (B/BH2) by transfer of hydrogen atoms: AH2 + B A + BH2 ...
Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration
... moving from molecule to molecule 3. energy from electrons pumps protons from the matrix building a concentration gradient between inner and outer membranes ...
... moving from molecule to molecule 3. energy from electrons pumps protons from the matrix building a concentration gradient between inner and outer membranes ...
Lecture 9
... 0 = 2(1) + 2(O.N. of C) 0 - (2(1)) = 2(O.N. of C) -2÷2 = O.N. of C O.N. of C = -1 The key is remembering the oxidation number is a property of a single atom and not forgetting to divide by the number of atoms in the molecule or ion as indicated by the subscript. ...
... 0 = 2(1) + 2(O.N. of C) 0 - (2(1)) = 2(O.N. of C) -2÷2 = O.N. of C O.N. of C = -1 The key is remembering the oxidation number is a property of a single atom and not forgetting to divide by the number of atoms in the molecule or ion as indicated by the subscript. ...
Radical (chemistry)
In chemistry, a radical (more precisely, a free radical) is an atom, molecule, or ion that has unpaired valency electrons.With some exceptions, these unpaired electrons make free radicals highly chemically reactive towards other substances, or even towards themselves: their molecules will often spontaneously dimerize or polymerize if they come in contact with each other. Most radicals are reasonably stable only at very low concentrations in inert media or in a vacuum.A notable example of a free radical is the hydroxyl radical (HO•), a molecule that has one unpaired electron on the oxygen atom. Two other examples are triplet oxygen and triplet carbene (:CH2) which have two unpaired electrons. In contrast, the hydroxyl anion (HO−) is not a radical, since the unpaired electron is resolved by the addition of an electron; singlet oxygen and singlet carbene are not radicals as the two electrons are paired.Free radicals may be created in a number of ways, including synthesis with very dilute or rarefied reagents, reactions at very low temperatures, or breakup of larger molecules. The latter can be affected by any process that puts enough energy into the parent molecule, such as ionizing radiation, heat, electrical discharges, electrolysis, and chemical reactions. Indeed, radicals are intermediate stages in many chemical reactions.Free radicals play an important role in combustion, atmospheric chemistry, polymerization, plasma chemistry, biochemistry, and many other chemical processes. In living organisms, the free radicals superoxide and nitric oxide and their reaction products regulate many processes, such as control of vascular tone and thus blood pressure. They also play a key role in the intermediary metabolism of various biological compounds. Such radicals can even be messengers in a process dubbed redox signaling. A radical may be trapped within a solvent cage or be otherwise bound.Until late in the 20th century the word ""radical"" was used in chemistry to indicate any connected group of atoms, such as a methyl group or a carboxyl, whether it was part of a larger molecule or a molecule on its own. The qualifier ""free"" was then needed to specify the unbound case. Following recent nomenclature revisions, a part of a larger molecule is now called a functional group or substituent, and ""radical"" now implies ""free"". However, the old nomenclature may still occur in the literature.