Adaptation and Specialization in the Evolution of Bacterial
... were frozen periodically, and they can be revived to study the populations at a given time or to rewind and replay evolution (e.g., [3-5]). Fitness of the evolved strains in the adaptive environment increased on average by approximately 80% in 50,000 generations [6], and the LTEE strains have been e ...
... were frozen periodically, and they can be revived to study the populations at a given time or to rewind and replay evolution (e.g., [3-5]). Fitness of the evolved strains in the adaptive environment increased on average by approximately 80% in 50,000 generations [6], and the LTEE strains have been e ...
Ketone Body Metabolism Preserves Hepatic Function during
... Ketone Body Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease The work presented in this chapter has been adapted from: Cotter, D. G., Schugar, R. C., and Crawford, P. A. (2013). Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 304(8), H1060-1076 Abstract Ketone bodies are metabolized through evolutionarily conserved pathways t ...
... Ketone Body Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease The work presented in this chapter has been adapted from: Cotter, D. G., Schugar, R. C., and Crawford, P. A. (2013). Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 304(8), H1060-1076 Abstract Ketone bodies are metabolized through evolutionarily conserved pathways t ...
BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Problem Unit Two
... b. Simply, fluoride strongly inhibits a key enzyme for energy production. c. The negatively charged phosphate group of the substrate probably coordinates with the Mg2+ or Mn2+ ions, i.e., electrostatic interaction of substrate to the active site. ...
... b. Simply, fluoride strongly inhibits a key enzyme for energy production. c. The negatively charged phosphate group of the substrate probably coordinates with the Mg2+ or Mn2+ ions, i.e., electrostatic interaction of substrate to the active site. ...
MORPHOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL STUDIES OF COLLAGEN
... osmotic pressure, and light-scattering measurements (2), and that formation of fibres with characteristic 640 A striations was an intrinsic property of this molecule under physiological conditions of pH, temperature, and salt concentration. The metabolic significance of the collagen fractions extrac ...
... osmotic pressure, and light-scattering measurements (2), and that formation of fibres with characteristic 640 A striations was an intrinsic property of this molecule under physiological conditions of pH, temperature, and salt concentration. The metabolic significance of the collagen fractions extrac ...
13C MRS: An outstanding tool for metabolic studies
... MRS spectra containing (or not containing) NOE enhancement. If the 1H decoupler is not used in conjunction with 13C excitation (see Fig. 3, top panel), a proton-coupled 13C spectrum is obtained. The multiplet structure of the proton-coupled 13C resonance depends of the number of protons coupled to t ...
... MRS spectra containing (or not containing) NOE enhancement. If the 1H decoupler is not used in conjunction with 13C excitation (see Fig. 3, top panel), a proton-coupled 13C spectrum is obtained. The multiplet structure of the proton-coupled 13C resonance depends of the number of protons coupled to t ...
PDF - Circulation Research
... which multiple metabolic pathways converge. Acetyl-CoA originating from FA, carbohydrate, ketone body, and amino acid catabolism is fully oxidized via the Krebs cycle, whereas carbon from amino acid metabolism may also enter or exit the Krebs cycle at several intermediary points. Reducing equivalent ...
... which multiple metabolic pathways converge. Acetyl-CoA originating from FA, carbohydrate, ketone body, and amino acid catabolism is fully oxidized via the Krebs cycle, whereas carbon from amino acid metabolism may also enter or exit the Krebs cycle at several intermediary points. Reducing equivalent ...
An Introduction to Enzyme Science
... numerous ligands, enzymes possess an innate capacity to integrate diverse input signals, thereby generating the most appropriate changes in catalytic activity. An interaction is said to be allosteric if binding of a low-molecular weight substance results in a metabolically significant conformational ...
... numerous ligands, enzymes possess an innate capacity to integrate diverse input signals, thereby generating the most appropriate changes in catalytic activity. An interaction is said to be allosteric if binding of a low-molecular weight substance results in a metabolically significant conformational ...
The enzymes of biotin dependent CO2 metabolism: What structures
... however, also showed the B-domain in an open conformation.23 In contrast, crystal structures of the apo biotin carboxylase domains from yeast acetylCoA carboxylase,24 human acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2,25 and Bacillus thermodenitrificans pyruvate carboxylase26 all demonstrated conformations for the Bdom ...
... however, also showed the B-domain in an open conformation.23 In contrast, crystal structures of the apo biotin carboxylase domains from yeast acetylCoA carboxylase,24 human acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2,25 and Bacillus thermodenitrificans pyruvate carboxylase26 all demonstrated conformations for the Bdom ...
x - SharpSchool
... eg) 1 M CH3COOH(aq) and 1 M HCl(aq) will react in the same way but not to the same degree the stronger the acid, the more electricity it conducts, ...
... eg) 1 M CH3COOH(aq) and 1 M HCl(aq) will react in the same way but not to the same degree the stronger the acid, the more electricity it conducts, ...
Amino Acids in Animal Nutrition
... the feed chain, such as the specialty feed ingredient producers, premixtures manufacturers, users, importers and distributors. Established in 1963, FEFANA has loyally represented and served the interests of its industry ever since 1963, and it is recognized as a representative partner to national an ...
... the feed chain, such as the specialty feed ingredient producers, premixtures manufacturers, users, importers and distributors. Established in 1963, FEFANA has loyally represented and served the interests of its industry ever since 1963, and it is recognized as a representative partner to national an ...
Human Hepatic d-Aminolaevulinate Synthase
... Nawrocki, Schmidt, Dolle, Korb, Liiders & Strohmeyer, 1972). In one previous study (Levere, 1967), activity of ALA synthase was found to be increased in mitochondria isolated from human cirrhotic livers when incubated with exogenously added glycine and citrate, the latter to provide a source for suc ...
... Nawrocki, Schmidt, Dolle, Korb, Liiders & Strohmeyer, 1972). In one previous study (Levere, 1967), activity of ALA synthase was found to be increased in mitochondria isolated from human cirrhotic livers when incubated with exogenously added glycine and citrate, the latter to provide a source for suc ...
Effects of Oxygen Supply and Mixed Sugar Concentration on D
... sources (glucose, mannose, sucrose, maltose, sorbitol, and mannitol) were used to produce D-ribose [6] and corn steep liquor was effective for a large-scale production [8]. Citrate enhanced the carbon fluxes in the pentose phosphate pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle, and also reduced fluxes in gl ...
... sources (glucose, mannose, sucrose, maltose, sorbitol, and mannitol) were used to produce D-ribose [6] and corn steep liquor was effective for a large-scale production [8]. Citrate enhanced the carbon fluxes in the pentose phosphate pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle, and also reduced fluxes in gl ...
Biosynthesis of theanine (g-ethylamino-L
... of 15N into theanine in roots, shoots and cotyledons was examined (Fig. 5). When whole seedlings were used, incorporation of 15N into theanine in roots increased essentially linearly with incubation time. 15N was also incorporated into theanine in shoots, but at a lower rate than in roots. Incorpora ...
... of 15N into theanine in roots, shoots and cotyledons was examined (Fig. 5). When whole seedlings were used, incorporation of 15N into theanine in roots increased essentially linearly with incubation time. 15N was also incorporated into theanine in shoots, but at a lower rate than in roots. Incorpora ...
The blood sugar concentration or blood glucose
... the liver by the appropriate enzymes. Glucose is either converted to liver glycogen, stored there until it is required to maintain the normal glucose level, glucose then passes in to the circulating system, and transported to cells where it is undergoes remarkable metabolic changes. This includes en ...
... the liver by the appropriate enzymes. Glucose is either converted to liver glycogen, stored there until it is required to maintain the normal glucose level, glucose then passes in to the circulating system, and transported to cells where it is undergoes remarkable metabolic changes. This includes en ...
7 Biochemistry of fermentation
... The optimum activity of streptococcal b-gal has been observed as follows: (a) neutral pH, (b) temperature at 55°C in buffer, (c) more heat stable than a similar enzyme from yeasts, (d) Mg2+ stimulated enzyme activity, whilst EDTA caused inhibition, and (e) the presence of oxgall (0.15 ml 100 ml-1) i ...
... The optimum activity of streptococcal b-gal has been observed as follows: (a) neutral pH, (b) temperature at 55°C in buffer, (c) more heat stable than a similar enzyme from yeasts, (d) Mg2+ stimulated enzyme activity, whilst EDTA caused inhibition, and (e) the presence of oxgall (0.15 ml 100 ml-1) i ...
FLAVIN MONONUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATASE FROM GOAT LIVER: A POSSIBLE TARGET FOR
... essential coenzyme form of the vitamin riboflavin, and occurs widespread in plant and animal organisms [1, 34]. FMN and FAD are formed from riboflavin in liver, intestinal mucosa and other tissues. A great number of mammalian enzymes require FMN or Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as coenzymes for ...
... essential coenzyme form of the vitamin riboflavin, and occurs widespread in plant and animal organisms [1, 34]. FMN and FAD are formed from riboflavin in liver, intestinal mucosa and other tissues. A great number of mammalian enzymes require FMN or Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as coenzymes for ...
Product Data Sheet
... Creatine plays a vital role in energy production by recycling ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in muscles. ATP is the body’s major molecule that produces “explosive” chemical energy within cells and is also known as “molecular currency” since it transfers energy within all cells of the body. Approximate ...
... Creatine plays a vital role in energy production by recycling ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in muscles. ATP is the body’s major molecule that produces “explosive” chemical energy within cells and is also known as “molecular currency” since it transfers energy within all cells of the body. Approximate ...
18. enzymes iii
... ∆G°′ for the reaction is negative and the equilibrium favours P. This equilibrium is not affected by any catalyst. A favourable equilibrium, however, does not mean that S → P conversion is fast. The rate of a reaction, in fact, depends on an entirely different parameter. There exists an energetic ba ...
... ∆G°′ for the reaction is negative and the equilibrium favours P. This equilibrium is not affected by any catalyst. A favourable equilibrium, however, does not mean that S → P conversion is fast. The rate of a reaction, in fact, depends on an entirely different parameter. There exists an energetic ba ...
PAS kinase is required for normal cellular energy
... using PASKⴚ/ⴚ mice. We identified tissue-specific metabolic phenotypes caused by PASK deletion consistent with its role as a metabolic sensor. Specifically, PASKⴚ/ⴚ mice exhibited impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in pancreatic -cells, altered triglyceride storage in liver, and increase ...
... using PASKⴚ/ⴚ mice. We identified tissue-specific metabolic phenotypes caused by PASK deletion consistent with its role as a metabolic sensor. Specifically, PASKⴚ/ⴚ mice exhibited impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in pancreatic -cells, altered triglyceride storage in liver, and increase ...
Purification and Some: Characteristics of a Monomeric Racemase
... of other alanine racemases (2, 3, 9, 17) were unsuccessful. This was probably due to the very little amount of purified enzyme obtained, which was only 0.026mg (Table 1). Nevertheless, PLP requirement must be confirmed by further studies. As demonstrated in this study, the enz:lme from T. thermophil ...
... of other alanine racemases (2, 3, 9, 17) were unsuccessful. This was probably due to the very little amount of purified enzyme obtained, which was only 0.026mg (Table 1). Nevertheless, PLP requirement must be confirmed by further studies. As demonstrated in this study, the enz:lme from T. thermophil ...
CHAPTER 2 Nitric oxide inhibits glycogen synthesis in - UvA-DARE
... Theree is increasing evidence for the existence of intrahepatic regulation of glucose metabolismm by Kupffer cell products. Nitric oxide (NO) is known to inhibit gluconeogenicc flux through pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase.. However, NO may also influence glucose metabolism ...
... Theree is increasing evidence for the existence of intrahepatic regulation of glucose metabolismm by Kupffer cell products. Nitric oxide (NO) is known to inhibit gluconeogenicc flux through pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase.. However, NO may also influence glucose metabolism ...
Pyridoxine Pyridoxal Pyridoxamine
... aldehyde (pyridoxal) oxidase as well as NAD-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase to produce 4-pyridoxic. 4-Pyridoxic acid (PA) is the major excretory product, 50% in urine. It is also produced by the intestinal bacteria. Alcohol and its degradation product, acetaldehyde, acetaldehyde displace PLP from p ...
... aldehyde (pyridoxal) oxidase as well as NAD-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase to produce 4-pyridoxic. 4-Pyridoxic acid (PA) is the major excretory product, 50% in urine. It is also produced by the intestinal bacteria. Alcohol and its degradation product, acetaldehyde, acetaldehyde displace PLP from p ...
Journal of Bacteriology
... considerable amount of activity was lost during incubation of the enzyme for 10 min at this temperature, probably because cofactors or substrates or both, which may protect the enzyme, were lacking. We were surprised to find that the specific activity of the L-alanine adding enzyme of E. coli strain ...
... considerable amount of activity was lost during incubation of the enzyme for 10 min at this temperature, probably because cofactors or substrates or both, which may protect the enzyme, were lacking. We were surprised to find that the specific activity of the L-alanine adding enzyme of E. coli strain ...
Elucidating Flux Regulation of the Fermentation Modes of
... It is impossible to complete my PhD study without the help of many people. First of all, I must express my sincerest gratitude to my supervisors, Christian Solem and Peter Ruhdal Jensen. Christian has taught me numerous principles, skills and knowledge in practical as well as theoretical molecular b ...
... It is impossible to complete my PhD study without the help of many people. First of all, I must express my sincerest gratitude to my supervisors, Christian Solem and Peter Ruhdal Jensen. Christian has taught me numerous principles, skills and knowledge in practical as well as theoretical molecular b ...
Prokaryotic features of a nucleus
... the interesting question of whether or not these nuclear genes are of prokaryotic origin. Nucleus-encoded enzymes of the photosynthetic Calvin cycle are excellent marker molecules with which to investigate this question because their primary structures may be directly compared to the primary structu ...
... the interesting question of whether or not these nuclear genes are of prokaryotic origin. Nucleus-encoded enzymes of the photosynthetic Calvin cycle are excellent marker molecules with which to investigate this question because their primary structures may be directly compared to the primary structu ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.