Thesis - HuVetA
... The electron flow from the electron donors, NADH or succinate, to the acceptor, O2, occurs following the oxidation potential of the components of the electron transfer chain. Electrons move toward compounds with more positive oxidation potentials as given by the standard redox potential and the rati ...
... The electron flow from the electron donors, NADH or succinate, to the acceptor, O2, occurs following the oxidation potential of the components of the electron transfer chain. Electrons move toward compounds with more positive oxidation potentials as given by the standard redox potential and the rati ...
Amino acid homeostasis and signalling in mammalian cells and
... The mTOR pathway — more precisely the mTORC1 complex — is the most well-known amino acid sensor [1–5]. Through its downstream effector p70S6 kinase and direct target 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), it regulates protein translation, while, through interaction with the ulk1 (UNC51-like kinase 1)/atg13 ...
... The mTOR pathway — more precisely the mTORC1 complex — is the most well-known amino acid sensor [1–5]. Through its downstream effector p70S6 kinase and direct target 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), it regulates protein translation, while, through interaction with the ulk1 (UNC51-like kinase 1)/atg13 ...
Physiology Ch 78 p939-954 [4-25
... there is excessive carbohydrate -most occurs in liver cells, and transported by lipoproteins to adipose cells 1. Insulin increases transport of glucose into liver cells – once glycogen reaches its max, any additional glucose becomes available to form fat; it splits to pyruvate acetyl CoA 2. excess ...
... there is excessive carbohydrate -most occurs in liver cells, and transported by lipoproteins to adipose cells 1. Insulin increases transport of glucose into liver cells – once glycogen reaches its max, any additional glucose becomes available to form fat; it splits to pyruvate acetyl CoA 2. excess ...
Glucose
... excess carbohydrate as glycogen. Skeletal and heart muscles can also store minor amounts of muscle glycogen. The liver is also able to synthesize glucose (gluconeogenesis) from certain amino acids, therefore providing glucose to the tissues that are completely dependent upon glucose for viability. I ...
... excess carbohydrate as glycogen. Skeletal and heart muscles can also store minor amounts of muscle glycogen. The liver is also able to synthesize glucose (gluconeogenesis) from certain amino acids, therefore providing glucose to the tissues that are completely dependent upon glucose for viability. I ...
Enzymes
... We now turn our attention to the reaction catalysts of biological systems: the enzymes, the most remarkable and highly specialized proteins. Enzymes have extraordinary catalytic power, often far greater than that of synthetic or inorganic catalysts. They have a high degree of specificity for their s ...
... We now turn our attention to the reaction catalysts of biological systems: the enzymes, the most remarkable and highly specialized proteins. Enzymes have extraordinary catalytic power, often far greater than that of synthetic or inorganic catalysts. They have a high degree of specificity for their s ...
Title Biotin Biosynthesis in Microorganisms (Commemoration Issue
... and Mg2} as well as DAPA are necessary for this enzyme reaction. Krell and Eisenberg59>purified the enzyme (DTB synthetase or ureido ring synthetase) about 200-fold from the cell-free extract of E. coli and obtained an enzyme preparation of over 90 % purity. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 42,0 ...
... and Mg2} as well as DAPA are necessary for this enzyme reaction. Krell and Eisenberg59>purified the enzyme (DTB synthetase or ureido ring synthetase) about 200-fold from the cell-free extract of E. coli and obtained an enzyme preparation of over 90 % purity. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 42,0 ...
Nitrogen source governs the patterns of growth and
... as the sole nitrogen source, 2-ketoisovalerate, the organic acid derived from valine by removal of the amino group, was produced and accumulated in the medium up to a concentration of 7n6 g l−". Carbon and nitrogen balances for valine utilization in the medium with valine as sole nitrogen source sho ...
... as the sole nitrogen source, 2-ketoisovalerate, the organic acid derived from valine by removal of the amino group, was produced and accumulated in the medium up to a concentration of 7n6 g l−". Carbon and nitrogen balances for valine utilization in the medium with valine as sole nitrogen source sho ...
Expanding the Genetic Code
... of amino acids in the code,[1–3] it is clear that proteins require additional chemical groups to carry out their natural functions. These groups are provided through posttranslational modifications including phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, and hydroxylation; cofactors; and in rare cases, ...
... of amino acids in the code,[1–3] it is clear that proteins require additional chemical groups to carry out their natural functions. These groups are provided through posttranslational modifications including phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, and hydroxylation; cofactors; and in rare cases, ...
Impaired glycogen synthesis causes metabolic
... The biosynthesis of glycogen or starch is one of the main strategies developed by living organisms for the intracellular storage of carbon and energy. In phototrophic organisms, such polyglucans accumulate due to carbon fixation during photosynthesis and are used to provide maintenance energy for ce ...
... The biosynthesis of glycogen or starch is one of the main strategies developed by living organisms for the intracellular storage of carbon and energy. In phototrophic organisms, such polyglucans accumulate due to carbon fixation during photosynthesis and are used to provide maintenance energy for ce ...
Heriot-Watt University The effect of sodium acetate ingestion on the
... al. 1995; Smith et al. 2007), which may in itself affect muscle glycogen utilization rates during exercise (Hollidge-Horvat et al., 2000), increase rates of lipolysis and plasma FFA availability (Hood et al., 1990; Straumann et al., 1992 Galloway & Maughan, 1996) and affect muscle acetyl-CoA and fre ...
... al. 1995; Smith et al. 2007), which may in itself affect muscle glycogen utilization rates during exercise (Hollidge-Horvat et al., 2000), increase rates of lipolysis and plasma FFA availability (Hood et al., 1990; Straumann et al., 1992 Galloway & Maughan, 1996) and affect muscle acetyl-CoA and fre ...
File - cpprashanths Chemistry
... b) Medicines are more effective in colloidal state. c) Alum is added to purify muddy water a) Because the particle size is so small that no scattering of light is possible. 1M b) A colloidal state has a larger surface area. Thus medicines in colloidal state are effectively adsorbed and assimilated a ...
... b) Medicines are more effective in colloidal state. c) Alum is added to purify muddy water a) Because the particle size is so small that no scattering of light is possible. 1M b) A colloidal state has a larger surface area. Thus medicines in colloidal state are effectively adsorbed and assimilated a ...
Uptake of organic nitrogen by plants
... the organic N pool of the soil solution (Senwo & Tabatabai, 1998). These polymeric N forms are, however, sources for the production of the monomeric forms, and rapid turnover of amino acids in soils suggests that this group of compounds may be more important as N sources than their share of the diss ...
... the organic N pool of the soil solution (Senwo & Tabatabai, 1998). These polymeric N forms are, however, sources for the production of the monomeric forms, and rapid turnover of amino acids in soils suggests that this group of compounds may be more important as N sources than their share of the diss ...
novel aspects of carnitine function and metabolism
... It is generally assumed that medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are oxidized in mitochondria independently from carnitine. However, the true contribution of the carnitine shuttle to the oxidation of MCFAs has remained elusive. We show that lauric acid, a MCFA, also depends on the carnitine shuttle to ...
... It is generally assumed that medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are oxidized in mitochondria independently from carnitine. However, the true contribution of the carnitine shuttle to the oxidation of MCFAs has remained elusive. We show that lauric acid, a MCFA, also depends on the carnitine shuttle to ...
Abstract Background The present study aimed to compare the
... and amino acids [10]. A recent study showed that the amino acids of ginseng are candidate therapeutic agents with antidepressant, blood pressure reduction, immunity strengthening, and myocardium- and liver-protective activities. Previous studies have indicated that the total and essential amino acid ...
... and amino acids [10]. A recent study showed that the amino acids of ginseng are candidate therapeutic agents with antidepressant, blood pressure reduction, immunity strengthening, and myocardium- and liver-protective activities. Previous studies have indicated that the total and essential amino acid ...
Amino Acid and Peptide Immobilization on Oxidized Nanocellulose
... oxoammonium radical (TEMPO) in presence of NaOBr (generated in situ by NaOCl and NaBr) which helps regenerate the catalyst TEMPO during the reaction. Using this oxidative reaction, it was found that cellulose could be completely converted into water-soluble polyglucuronic acid [17,18]. In the case o ...
... oxoammonium radical (TEMPO) in presence of NaOBr (generated in situ by NaOCl and NaBr) which helps regenerate the catalyst TEMPO during the reaction. Using this oxidative reaction, it was found that cellulose could be completely converted into water-soluble polyglucuronic acid [17,18]. In the case o ...
cyclodextrin polymer for adsorption of aromatic amino acids
... for adsorption of aromatic amino acids (AAA) from phosphate buffer. High adsorption rates were observed at the beginning and the adsorption equilibrium was then gradually achieved in about 45 min. The adsorption of AAA decreased with the increase of initial concentration and also temperature. Under ...
... for adsorption of aromatic amino acids (AAA) from phosphate buffer. High adsorption rates were observed at the beginning and the adsorption equilibrium was then gradually achieved in about 45 min. The adsorption of AAA decreased with the increase of initial concentration and also temperature. Under ...
Enzyme Catalysis - faculty at Chemeketa
... affinity for the substrate. 1. It does not compete with the substrate for the active site. 2. It does not need to resemble the structure of the substrate. 3. Its’ effect cannot be reversed by increasing the substrate concentration. ...
... affinity for the substrate. 1. It does not compete with the substrate for the active site. 2. It does not need to resemble the structure of the substrate. 3. Its’ effect cannot be reversed by increasing the substrate concentration. ...
Cleavage, Deprotection and Isolation of Peptides after Fmoc Synthesis
... If cleavage is performed on a PAL or Rink amide resin with a cocktail other than Reagent R or B, the resin may turn from pink to red, depending on the amount of scavengers in the cleavage cocktail. This should not effect the peptide quality. ...
... If cleavage is performed on a PAL or Rink amide resin with a cocktail other than Reagent R or B, the resin may turn from pink to red, depending on the amount of scavengers in the cleavage cocktail. This should not effect the peptide quality. ...
lipids and thyroid hormones - Deep Blue
... and oxidation of fatty acids support increased calorigenesis. Second, thyroid hormones simultaneously exert major anabolic effects; lipogenesis is stimulated, which seems paradoxical for the calorigenic role of the hormones. In thyrotoxic subjects, the energetically wasteful combination of lipid syn ...
... and oxidation of fatty acids support increased calorigenesis. Second, thyroid hormones simultaneously exert major anabolic effects; lipogenesis is stimulated, which seems paradoxical for the calorigenic role of the hormones. In thyrotoxic subjects, the energetically wasteful combination of lipid syn ...
Characterization of cytochrome P450
... 2006; Liu et al., 2011). Artemisia annua produces an anti-malarial sesquiterpene endoperoxide lactone, “artemisinin” which is extensively used in artemisinin-based combined therapy (ACT) to cure chloroquine resistant malaria. Though, the biosynthetic pathway of artemisinin is yet to be deciphered co ...
... 2006; Liu et al., 2011). Artemisia annua produces an anti-malarial sesquiterpene endoperoxide lactone, “artemisinin” which is extensively used in artemisinin-based combined therapy (ACT) to cure chloroquine resistant malaria. Though, the biosynthetic pathway of artemisinin is yet to be deciphered co ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.