Characterization of cytochrome P450
... 2006; Liu et al., 2011). Artemisia annua produces an anti-malarial sesquiterpene endoperoxide lactone, “artemisinin” which is extensively used in artemisinin-based combined therapy (ACT) to cure chloroquine resistant malaria. Though, the biosynthetic pathway of artemisinin is yet to be deciphered co ...
... 2006; Liu et al., 2011). Artemisia annua produces an anti-malarial sesquiterpene endoperoxide lactone, “artemisinin” which is extensively used in artemisinin-based combined therapy (ACT) to cure chloroquine resistant malaria. Though, the biosynthetic pathway of artemisinin is yet to be deciphered co ...
PDF
... constituents of food: carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. For energy production, most insects generally rely on carbohydrates to be metabolized first, followed by fats during starvation or migration, whereas protein is metabolized when both carbohydrates and fat reserves are depleted. As such, we wil ...
... constituents of food: carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. For energy production, most insects generally rely on carbohydrates to be metabolized first, followed by fats during starvation or migration, whereas protein is metabolized when both carbohydrates and fat reserves are depleted. As such, we wil ...
Quantitative flux analysis reveals folate
... of folate metabolism to NADPH production (Extended Data Fig. 5a, b). The main folate-dependent NADPH-producing pathway was predicted to involve transfer of a one-carbon unit from serine to THF, followed by oxidation of the resulting product (methylene-THF) by the enzyme MTHFD to form the purine prec ...
... of folate metabolism to NADPH production (Extended Data Fig. 5a, b). The main folate-dependent NADPH-producing pathway was predicted to involve transfer of a one-carbon unit from serine to THF, followed by oxidation of the resulting product (methylene-THF) by the enzyme MTHFD to form the purine prec ...
Modulation of glucokinase by glucose, small
... Spiros and T. P. Rolph, unpublished work). Compound A is a potent and selective activator optimized for recognition by liver specific OATPs (organic anion transporting polypeptides). This activator has enhanced hepatic uptake, low hepatic oxidative metabolism and low passive permeability to minimize ...
... Spiros and T. P. Rolph, unpublished work). Compound A is a potent and selective activator optimized for recognition by liver specific OATPs (organic anion transporting polypeptides). This activator has enhanced hepatic uptake, low hepatic oxidative metabolism and low passive permeability to minimize ...
Carnitine Overview
... The Carnitine Palmitoyl - Transferase I catalyzes the transfer of acyl groups from activated fatty acid (acyl-CoA) to carnitine, forming acylcarnitine and releasing CoA in cytoplasm Acyl-CoA CPT I CoA + Acyl-L-carnitine Acyl CoA + L-carnitine ...
... The Carnitine Palmitoyl - Transferase I catalyzes the transfer of acyl groups from activated fatty acid (acyl-CoA) to carnitine, forming acylcarnitine and releasing CoA in cytoplasm Acyl-CoA CPT I CoA + Acyl-L-carnitine Acyl CoA + L-carnitine ...
Student notes in ppt
... metabolism, steroid and eicosanoid synthesis Bioc 460 Spring 2008 - Lecture 37 (Miesfeld) ...
... metabolism, steroid and eicosanoid synthesis Bioc 460 Spring 2008 - Lecture 37 (Miesfeld) ...
HMG CoA reductase
... Types: • 30% of plasma cholesterol are free • 70% are esterified with polyunsaturated fatty acids ...
... Types: • 30% of plasma cholesterol are free • 70% are esterified with polyunsaturated fatty acids ...
Characterization of carnitine and fatty acid metabolism in the long
... of great importance. Several methods have been described for the measurement of acylcarnitines in plasma, urine, bile and tissues [13–18]. Tissue acylcarnitine analysis, however, has been restricted to the measurement of large subsets, e.g. free carnitine ...
... of great importance. Several methods have been described for the measurement of acylcarnitines in plasma, urine, bile and tissues [13–18]. Tissue acylcarnitine analysis, however, has been restricted to the measurement of large subsets, e.g. free carnitine ...
TRANSLATION OF mRNA - E-Learning/An
... twentieth century by Archibald Garrod, a British physician. Prior to Garrod’s studies, biochemists had studied many metabolic pathways within living cells. These pathways consist of a series of metabolic conversions of one molecule to another, each step catalyzed by a specific enzyme. Each enzyme is ...
... twentieth century by Archibald Garrod, a British physician. Prior to Garrod’s studies, biochemists had studied many metabolic pathways within living cells. These pathways consist of a series of metabolic conversions of one molecule to another, each step catalyzed by a specific enzyme. Each enzyme is ...
Physiological and Chemical Properties of a
... reactivation by reducing agents. Gordon (1957) showed that the inorganic pyrophosphatase from rat brain, whose activity was increased I 8 % by cysteine, was 90 % inactivated by dialysis at pH 7.4 and that 42 % of this activity was restored by cysteine, but not by NaCN, sodium ascorbate + FeSO, or so ...
... reactivation by reducing agents. Gordon (1957) showed that the inorganic pyrophosphatase from rat brain, whose activity was increased I 8 % by cysteine, was 90 % inactivated by dialysis at pH 7.4 and that 42 % of this activity was restored by cysteine, but not by NaCN, sodium ascorbate + FeSO, or so ...
Glutamate Dehydrogenases: Enzymology, Physiological
... extensively studied enzymes at the biochemical and structural levels. These enzymes are generally reversible and catalyse either the reductive amination of 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) to yield glutamate using NAD(P) as a cofactor, or the oxidative deamination of glutamate [1] (Fig. 1). Because of the reac ...
... extensively studied enzymes at the biochemical and structural levels. These enzymes are generally reversible and catalyse either the reductive amination of 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) to yield glutamate using NAD(P) as a cofactor, or the oxidative deamination of glutamate [1] (Fig. 1). Because of the reac ...
13 Aldehydes and Ketones
... RNA, adenine and guanine, were synthesized in the laboratory from simple molecules and energy sources thought to be present on early earth. In 1995 researchers discovered that, by adding the carbonyl-group-containing molecule urea to their mixture, they could make large amounts of two other componen ...
... RNA, adenine and guanine, were synthesized in the laboratory from simple molecules and energy sources thought to be present on early earth. In 1995 researchers discovered that, by adding the carbonyl-group-containing molecule urea to their mixture, they could make large amounts of two other componen ...
Final Thesis Solid-phase bio-organic synthesis to create intelligent surfaces Patrik Nygren
... The ability to tailor make surfaces with well-defined chemical properties has been, and still is, a major research field. Well-defined surfaces can be used to investigate biological systems (protein chips), to create nano-devices (nano-electronics), to design new materials etc. the applications are ...
... The ability to tailor make surfaces with well-defined chemical properties has been, and still is, a major research field. Well-defined surfaces can be used to investigate biological systems (protein chips), to create nano-devices (nano-electronics), to design new materials etc. the applications are ...
Was photosynthetic RuBisCO recruited by
... is transaminated to methionine [5]. This pathway regenerates reduced sulfur and metabolically links it to polyamine biosynthesis, but details of the physiological roles of this pathway remain obscure. Each step of this pathway has been predicted in Klebsiella sp. by analysis of metabolic intermediat ...
... is transaminated to methionine [5]. This pathway regenerates reduced sulfur and metabolically links it to polyamine biosynthesis, but details of the physiological roles of this pathway remain obscure. Each step of this pathway has been predicted in Klebsiella sp. by analysis of metabolic intermediat ...
The Stereochemistry of Enzymatic Transamination“
... Demonstration of stereospecific proton removal in the apoglutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase catalyzed transamination of pyridoxamine provides another example of enzymatic discrimination between enantiomeric protons. This stereospecificity has now been demonstrated in a second enzyme, pyridoxamine-p ...
... Demonstration of stereospecific proton removal in the apoglutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase catalyzed transamination of pyridoxamine provides another example of enzymatic discrimination between enantiomeric protons. This stereospecificity has now been demonstrated in a second enzyme, pyridoxamine-p ...
The Enzymes of Ammonia Assimilation and their
... 30 "C and at a dilution (= growth) rate of 0.05 h-l. pH was maintained at 6.8 by the automatic addition of sterile 2 M-sodium hydroxide, and the vessel was sparged with sterile air at 1 litre min-l. Preparation of cell-free (enzyme) extracts. Batch cultures were harvested in the late-exponential pha ...
... 30 "C and at a dilution (= growth) rate of 0.05 h-l. pH was maintained at 6.8 by the automatic addition of sterile 2 M-sodium hydroxide, and the vessel was sparged with sterile air at 1 litre min-l. Preparation of cell-free (enzyme) extracts. Batch cultures were harvested in the late-exponential pha ...
Chapter 25 Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
... Amino acids in which the two functional groups are separated by exactly one carbon atom are called _______ amino acids. Amino acids are coupled together by amide linkages called ____________ bonds. Relatively short chains of amino acids are called ___________. Only twenty amino acids are abundantly ...
... Amino acids in which the two functional groups are separated by exactly one carbon atom are called _______ amino acids. Amino acids are coupled together by amide linkages called ____________ bonds. Relatively short chains of amino acids are called ___________. Only twenty amino acids are abundantly ...
Involvement of Polyamine Catabolism in the Regulation of Glucose
... activated polyamine catabolism-mediated depletion in the cellular ATP pool which activated the cellular energy sensor, 5’-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and PGC-1D. These results suggest that the enhancement of cellular ATP consumption is an efficient way to reduce body WAT mass and improve glu ...
... activated polyamine catabolism-mediated depletion in the cellular ATP pool which activated the cellular energy sensor, 5’-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and PGC-1D. These results suggest that the enhancement of cellular ATP consumption is an efficient way to reduce body WAT mass and improve glu ...
Hormonal Control of Glucose Metabolism
... In the postabsorptive state and in most catabolic situations, amino acids (mainly glutamine and alanine) are released from skeletal muscle and glycerol is produced by adipose tissue. It has clearly been established that 1. insulin inhibits, whereas glucocorticoids stimulate, muscle proteolysis, and ...
... In the postabsorptive state and in most catabolic situations, amino acids (mainly glutamine and alanine) are released from skeletal muscle and glycerol is produced by adipose tissue. It has clearly been established that 1. insulin inhibits, whereas glucocorticoids stimulate, muscle proteolysis, and ...
Central Role of Glutamate Metabolism in the Maintenance of
... mainly toward glutamate catabolism rather than toward the net synthesis of glutamate, even under hyperammonemia conditions. During hyperammonemia, there is a large increase in cerebral glutamine content, but only small changes in the levels of glutamate and α-ketoglutarate. Thus, the channeling of g ...
... mainly toward glutamate catabolism rather than toward the net synthesis of glutamate, even under hyperammonemia conditions. During hyperammonemia, there is a large increase in cerebral glutamine content, but only small changes in the levels of glutamate and α-ketoglutarate. Thus, the channeling of g ...
Extended spectrum beta-lactamases - Micro-Rao
... coding for beta-lactamases are also present on transposons or insertion sequences, resulting in their dissemination among different plasmids. The Ω-loop, which is a conserved structural feature of most class A enzymes, consists of residues 164-179 and forms a portion of the enzyme’s active site pock ...
... coding for beta-lactamases are also present on transposons or insertion sequences, resulting in their dissemination among different plasmids. The Ω-loop, which is a conserved structural feature of most class A enzymes, consists of residues 164-179 and forms a portion of the enzyme’s active site pock ...
9. Wakil, S. J., Green, DE, Mii, S., and Mahler, HR (1954) Studies on
... structure of the yeast fatty acid synthase was examined by negative-stain and electron cryomicroscopy. A three-dimensional structure was proposed for the yeast enzyme as a prolate ellipsoid and that the six fatty acid synthesizing centers are composed of two complementary halves - α subunit and a β ...
... structure of the yeast fatty acid synthase was examined by negative-stain and electron cryomicroscopy. A three-dimensional structure was proposed for the yeast enzyme as a prolate ellipsoid and that the six fatty acid synthesizing centers are composed of two complementary halves - α subunit and a β ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.