Flux analysis in central carbon metabolism in plants
... balances 3-fold. This resulted in a simplified system that offers the advantages of faster computation, and easier flux identifiability analysis. Furthermore, a computational technique called Boolean function mapping was introduced to aid in the formulation of bondomer or isotopomer balances. This t ...
... balances 3-fold. This resulted in a simplified system that offers the advantages of faster computation, and easier flux identifiability analysis. Furthermore, a computational technique called Boolean function mapping was introduced to aid in the formulation of bondomer or isotopomer balances. This t ...
Chapter 1 - York University
... as though the removal of the negatively charged electron leaves behind a positively charged hole. All of these examples (and all other oxidation/reductions) share a common feature (Table 1.1). In each case an electron is (or electrons are moved from the thing which is being oxidized towards the thin ...
... as though the removal of the negatively charged electron leaves behind a positively charged hole. All of these examples (and all other oxidation/reductions) share a common feature (Table 1.1). In each case an electron is (or electrons are moved from the thing which is being oxidized towards the thin ...
Regulation of Urea Synthesis by Agmatine in the Perfused Liver
... periportal hepatocytes and is linked to urea cycle activity (2, 25, 38, 47). Arginase II is found primarily in mitochondria (7, 17, 38, 47); (ii) Decarboxylation via mitochondrial arginine decarboxylase (ADC) to produce agmatine and CO2 (14, 39, 47); and/or (iii) Metabolism via NOsynthase to form ni ...
... periportal hepatocytes and is linked to urea cycle activity (2, 25, 38, 47). Arginase II is found primarily in mitochondria (7, 17, 38, 47); (ii) Decarboxylation via mitochondrial arginine decarboxylase (ADC) to produce agmatine and CO2 (14, 39, 47); and/or (iii) Metabolism via NOsynthase to form ni ...
Abnormal Renal and Hepatic Glucose Metabolism in Type 2
... However, increased renal glucose release has also been demonstrated in diabetic animals (6–9). Moreover, recent studies (10, 11) indicate that the human kidney may normally account for as much as 25% of postabsorptive glucose production. It is possible, therefore, that renal glucose release may cont ...
... However, increased renal glucose release has also been demonstrated in diabetic animals (6–9). Moreover, recent studies (10, 11) indicate that the human kidney may normally account for as much as 25% of postabsorptive glucose production. It is possible, therefore, that renal glucose release may cont ...
1 Chapter 1 Chemistry On The Pyrimidine Ring
... The next step in the de novo biosynthetic pathway is performed by aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) (7). This is the first committed step in pyrimidine biosynthesis in prokaryotes and the enzyme is highly regulated by both the substrates and the products of nucleotide metabolism such as CTP and A ...
... The next step in the de novo biosynthetic pathway is performed by aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) (7). This is the first committed step in pyrimidine biosynthesis in prokaryotes and the enzyme is highly regulated by both the substrates and the products of nucleotide metabolism such as CTP and A ...
Biochemical characterization of the initial steps of the Kennedy
... could prevent the formation of mature GPI-anchored VSG and lead to clearance of the parasite by the host’s immune system. Owing to the major structural and functional roles of GPCho and GPEtn in T. brucei, disruption of their biosynthetic pathways is likely to interfere with the parasite biology in ...
... could prevent the formation of mature GPI-anchored VSG and lead to clearance of the parasite by the host’s immune system. Owing to the major structural and functional roles of GPCho and GPEtn in T. brucei, disruption of their biosynthetic pathways is likely to interfere with the parasite biology in ...
Vitamins and related Compounds
... exclusively by microorganisms and is found in the liver of animals bound to protein as methylcobalamin or 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin. The vitamin must be hydrolyzed from protein in order to be active. Hydrolysis occurs in the stomach by gastric acid or in the intestine by trypsin digestion following ...
... exclusively by microorganisms and is found in the liver of animals bound to protein as methylcobalamin or 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin. The vitamin must be hydrolyzed from protein in order to be active. Hydrolysis occurs in the stomach by gastric acid or in the intestine by trypsin digestion following ...
Presentation part1-201210091211
... acetyl-CoA used for the generation of ATP via tricarboxylic acid cycle and for the generation of ketone bodies, which are important energetic substrates for the brain during fasting. Since CPT are rate limiting for β-oxidation of fatty acids, the upregulation of CPT might increase the demand of carn ...
... acetyl-CoA used for the generation of ATP via tricarboxylic acid cycle and for the generation of ketone bodies, which are important energetic substrates for the brain during fasting. Since CPT are rate limiting for β-oxidation of fatty acids, the upregulation of CPT might increase the demand of carn ...
Vanillin formation from ferulic acid in Vanilla planifolia is catalysed
... 4-hydroxylase, C4H21, p-coumaric acid 3-hydroxylase, C3H22, but is not clear whether CoA-derivatives are involved or whether the C3-hydroxylation step proceeds, for example, through quinate- and shikimate esters22. Caffeic acid could in principle be O-methylated23 to form ferulic acid, the substrate ...
... 4-hydroxylase, C4H21, p-coumaric acid 3-hydroxylase, C3H22, but is not clear whether CoA-derivatives are involved or whether the C3-hydroxylation step proceeds, for example, through quinate- and shikimate esters22. Caffeic acid could in principle be O-methylated23 to form ferulic acid, the substrate ...
Chapter 2—Cell Physiology
... 18. ____________________ refers collectively to the large set of intracellular chemical reactions that involve the degradation, synthesis, and transformation of small organic molecules. ANS: intermediary metabolism PTS: 1 19. The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide produces the substances ___________ ...
... 18. ____________________ refers collectively to the large set of intracellular chemical reactions that involve the degradation, synthesis, and transformation of small organic molecules. ANS: intermediary metabolism PTS: 1 19. The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide produces the substances ___________ ...
Chapter 2—Cell Physiology - College Test bank
... 24. Where do the citric acid cycle reactions occur? a. cytoplasm. b. cytosol. c. inner-mitochondrial membrane. d. outer-mitochondrial membrane. e. mitochondrial matrix. ANS: E ...
... 24. Where do the citric acid cycle reactions occur? a. cytoplasm. b. cytosol. c. inner-mitochondrial membrane. d. outer-mitochondrial membrane. e. mitochondrial matrix. ANS: E ...
Bioretrosynthetic Construction of a Non
... Dissertation Committee members of Dr. Richard Armstrong, Dr. Tina Iverson, Dr. Lawrence Marnett and Dr. Carmello Rizzo for their valued discussions and for offering their time and energy in assisting my training as a graduate student. I would additionally like to thank Dr. Iverson and her graduate s ...
... Dissertation Committee members of Dr. Richard Armstrong, Dr. Tina Iverson, Dr. Lawrence Marnett and Dr. Carmello Rizzo for their valued discussions and for offering their time and energy in assisting my training as a graduate student. I would additionally like to thank Dr. Iverson and her graduate s ...
Drug metabolism
... Generally, dealkylation of secondary amines occurs before deamination. The rate of deamination is easily influenced by steric factors both on the a-C and on the N; so it is easier to deaminate a primary amine but much harder for a tertiary amine. ...
... Generally, dealkylation of secondary amines occurs before deamination. The rate of deamination is easily influenced by steric factors both on the a-C and on the N; so it is easier to deaminate a primary amine but much harder for a tertiary amine. ...
FREE Sample Here
... 24. Where do the citric acid cycle reactions occur? a. cytoplasm. b. cytosol. c. inner-mitochondrial membrane. d. outer-mitochondrial membrane. e. mitochondrial matrix. ANS: E ...
... 24. Where do the citric acid cycle reactions occur? a. cytoplasm. b. cytosol. c. inner-mitochondrial membrane. d. outer-mitochondrial membrane. e. mitochondrial matrix. ANS: E ...
Biology: Concepts and Connections, 6e (Campbell)
... 41) ATP can be used as the cell's energy exchange mechanism because A) endergonic reactions can be fueled by coupling them with the formation of ATP from ADP. B) ATP is the most energy-rich small molecule in the cell. C) endergonic reactions can be fueled by coupling them with the hydrolysis of hig ...
... 41) ATP can be used as the cell's energy exchange mechanism because A) endergonic reactions can be fueled by coupling them with the formation of ATP from ADP. B) ATP is the most energy-rich small molecule in the cell. C) endergonic reactions can be fueled by coupling them with the hydrolysis of hig ...
Physiological Strategies During Animal Diapause: Lessons from
... Based on an extensive analysis of trehalose plus all metabolites in the glycolytic pathway involved in flux (i.e. ‘pathway intermediates’), the product-to-substrate ratios show there are four enzymatic steps at which inhibition occurs during entry into diapause: trehalase, hexokinase, pyruvate kinas ...
... Based on an extensive analysis of trehalose plus all metabolites in the glycolytic pathway involved in flux (i.e. ‘pathway intermediates’), the product-to-substrate ratios show there are four enzymatic steps at which inhibition occurs during entry into diapause: trehalase, hexokinase, pyruvate kinas ...
Production of L-(+) Lactic Acid From Blackstrap Molasses by
... This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. ...
... This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. ...
course title - Saylor Academy
... Alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amines, mercaptans, and esters are the most commonly discussed bioorganic molecules in this course. While all sugars are alcohols, some of them are aldehydes (reducing sugars) and others are ketones. Amino acids have both amino and carboxylic functiona ...
... Alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amines, mercaptans, and esters are the most commonly discussed bioorganic molecules in this course. While all sugars are alcohols, some of them are aldehydes (reducing sugars) and others are ketones. Amino acids have both amino and carboxylic functiona ...
Metabolism and biochemical characteristics of yogurt bacteria
... stands apart from the other streptococci and especially lactic streptococci, at present designated as lactococci. It is exclusively isolated from the dairy environment, ferments only few carbohydrates, ie lactose, sucrose, glucose and sometimes galactose, and is characterized by its thermoresistance ...
... stands apart from the other streptococci and especially lactic streptococci, at present designated as lactococci. It is exclusively isolated from the dairy environment, ferments only few carbohydrates, ie lactose, sucrose, glucose and sometimes galactose, and is characterized by its thermoresistance ...
Fructose Intake from Sugar-Sweetened Beverages
... 1970s has also led to an increase of fructose in the diet. Fructose has caused much debate in the scientific and wider community. The unregulated metabolic pathway of fructose leads to uric acid and fat production, which contributes to the burden of disease. Studies have linked fructose consumption ...
... 1970s has also led to an increase of fructose in the diet. Fructose has caused much debate in the scientific and wider community. The unregulated metabolic pathway of fructose leads to uric acid and fat production, which contributes to the burden of disease. Studies have linked fructose consumption ...
Biochemical studies of enzymes in insect cuticle hardening
... and the pathway of insect taurine biosynthesis. Cysteine was found to be an inactivator of several PLP-dependent decarboxylases, such as ADC, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and CSADC. This study helps to understand symptoms associated with the abnormal cysteine concentrations in several neurodegener ...
... and the pathway of insect taurine biosynthesis. Cysteine was found to be an inactivator of several PLP-dependent decarboxylases, such as ADC, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and CSADC. This study helps to understand symptoms associated with the abnormal cysteine concentrations in several neurodegener ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.