Kinetics of Peroxynitrite Reaction with Amino Acids and Human
... To better understand the mechanisms of peroxynitrite cytotoxicity and its role in pathological processes, it is important to characterize its reactivity toward different biomolecules. In this sense, proteins are key targets of oxidative stress. Exposure to oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide leads to ...
... To better understand the mechanisms of peroxynitrite cytotoxicity and its role in pathological processes, it is important to characterize its reactivity toward different biomolecules. In this sense, proteins are key targets of oxidative stress. Exposure to oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide leads to ...
Molecular and General Genetics.
... we studied IAA production in the presence of Trp, indole (Ind) and indole-3-lactic acid (ILA). Our results are consistent with the existence of a tryptophan-dependent route for IAA production, other than the IPyA pathway, that is repressed when gluconate is the carbon source. Physiological evidence ...
... we studied IAA production in the presence of Trp, indole (Ind) and indole-3-lactic acid (ILA). Our results are consistent with the existence of a tryptophan-dependent route for IAA production, other than the IPyA pathway, that is repressed when gluconate is the carbon source. Physiological evidence ...
Enzyme Mechanisms - Weber State University
... Phase” kinetics at time zero, change to a slower rate after all enzymes are acetylated, waiting for water to release them in the rate limiting step: ...
... Phase” kinetics at time zero, change to a slower rate after all enzymes are acetylated, waiting for water to release them in the rate limiting step: ...
PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University
... (C). Electrons are extracted from NADH (at CI) and FADH2 (at CII) and transported by CoQ to CIII. Subsequently, electrons are conveyed to CIV by cytochrome c, where they are donated to molecular O2 to form water. The energy released by the electron transport is used to drive trans-MIM proton efflux, ...
... (C). Electrons are extracted from NADH (at CI) and FADH2 (at CII) and transported by CoQ to CIII. Subsequently, electrons are conveyed to CIV by cytochrome c, where they are donated to molecular O2 to form water. The energy released by the electron transport is used to drive trans-MIM proton efflux, ...
Cholesterol Homeostasis - Sigma
... acids. Free cholesterol is not found in blood; rather it is esterified to fatty acids and packaged in lipoprotein particles. Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) are produced by the liver and consist of an outer core composed of apolipoproteins; apo-B100, apo-CI, apo-CII, apo-CIII, and apoE surround ...
... acids. Free cholesterol is not found in blood; rather it is esterified to fatty acids and packaged in lipoprotein particles. Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) are produced by the liver and consist of an outer core composed of apolipoproteins; apo-B100, apo-CI, apo-CII, apo-CIII, and apoE surround ...
C 2 R
... started by addition of 100 µL of a mixture of 2 mM NADPH, 3 mM glucose-6-phosphate and 0.4 units/mL glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The increase in fluorescence was monitored at an excitation wavelength of 532 nm and an emission wavelength of 586 nm for 2 minutes at 25°C. Specific activities were ...
... started by addition of 100 µL of a mixture of 2 mM NADPH, 3 mM glucose-6-phosphate and 0.4 units/mL glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The increase in fluorescence was monitored at an excitation wavelength of 532 nm and an emission wavelength of 586 nm for 2 minutes at 25°C. Specific activities were ...
A four-column theory for the origin of the genetic code: tracing the
... error rate. If the error rate were zero, then the cost function F would be zero, and all codes would be equivalent. On the other hand, if the code evolves by sequential addition, then there is a major selective advantage every time a new amino acid is added because vastly more proteins can be made w ...
... error rate. If the error rate were zero, then the cost function F would be zero, and all codes would be equivalent. On the other hand, if the code evolves by sequential addition, then there is a major selective advantage every time a new amino acid is added because vastly more proteins can be made w ...
PDF - Biology Direct
... error rate. If the error rate were zero, then the cost function F would be zero, and all codes would be equivalent. On the other hand, if the code evolves by sequential addition, then there is a major selective advantage every time a new amino acid is added because vastly more proteins can be made w ...
... error rate. If the error rate were zero, then the cost function F would be zero, and all codes would be equivalent. On the other hand, if the code evolves by sequential addition, then there is a major selective advantage every time a new amino acid is added because vastly more proteins can be made w ...
NAGS - BMC Biochemistry
... with structural information from the related bacterial N-acetylglutamate kinases to identify four residues in mammalian NAGS that interact with arginine. Substitutions of these four residues were engineered in mouse NAGS and into the vertebrate-like N-acetylglutamate synthase-kinase (NAGS-K) of Xant ...
... with structural information from the related bacterial N-acetylglutamate kinases to identify four residues in mammalian NAGS that interact with arginine. Substitutions of these four residues were engineered in mouse NAGS and into the vertebrate-like N-acetylglutamate synthase-kinase (NAGS-K) of Xant ...
as PDF
... level in the blood as a fuel source by the brain, erythrocytes, kidney medulla and testes, since glucose is the sole energy source for these organs. During starvation, however, the brain can derive energy from ketone bodies which are converted to acetyl-CoA. The adipose tissue needs glucose which is ...
... level in the blood as a fuel source by the brain, erythrocytes, kidney medulla and testes, since glucose is the sole energy source for these organs. During starvation, however, the brain can derive energy from ketone bodies which are converted to acetyl-CoA. The adipose tissue needs glucose which is ...
Cardiac mitochondrial matrix and respiratory complex - AJP
... 176, 223, 231) but are not discussed further in this review under the assumption that metabolic regulation in these cells is in disarray and is therefore largely unrelated to the physiology of differentiated tissues like the heart. Phosphorylation of Inner Membrane Transporters The critical communic ...
... 176, 223, 231) but are not discussed further in this review under the assumption that metabolic regulation in these cells is in disarray and is therefore largely unrelated to the physiology of differentiated tissues like the heart. Phosphorylation of Inner Membrane Transporters The critical communic ...
Mitochondria as a Pharmacological Target
... drugs acting on mitochondria and to mitochondrial pathologies. In major mammalian tissues, 80 to 90% of ATP is generated by mitochondria in the process of oxidative phosphorylation. The mitochondrial respiratory chain, located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, is composed of enzymes and low molec ...
... drugs acting on mitochondria and to mitochondrial pathologies. In major mammalian tissues, 80 to 90% of ATP is generated by mitochondria in the process of oxidative phosphorylation. The mitochondrial respiratory chain, located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, is composed of enzymes and low molec ...
Full-Text PDF
... tissue, but also in the liver, muscle, heart and pancreas. This pathway is used to maintain and control energy homeostasis by a continuous communication between oxidative tissues and peripheral organs, in particular adipose tissue. The process of fatty acid esterification into TAG involves the activ ...
... tissue, but also in the liver, muscle, heart and pancreas. This pathway is used to maintain and control energy homeostasis by a continuous communication between oxidative tissues and peripheral organs, in particular adipose tissue. The process of fatty acid esterification into TAG involves the activ ...
Chemical Composition of Phloem Sap from the Uppermost Internode
... contained high levels of ATP. Although an energy-dependent and carrier-mediated transport process that controls unloading has been suggested (Throne and Rainbird 1983, Eschrich 1986), the unloading process in maize pedicel tissue was not inhibited either by apoplastic pH or by metabolic inhibitors. ...
... contained high levels of ATP. Although an energy-dependent and carrier-mediated transport process that controls unloading has been suggested (Throne and Rainbird 1983, Eschrich 1986), the unloading process in maize pedicel tissue was not inhibited either by apoplastic pH or by metabolic inhibitors. ...
Use of Auxotrophic Mutants to Isolate LL- or DD
... slopes of nutrient agar that were incubated overnight at 30 "C and then stored at 2 "C. A Dap-requiring mutant of Bacillus megaterium NCIB758 I was isolated as described below, It was maintained on slopes of minimal medium FG containing biotin (I pg 1-1) and synthetic Dap (100mg l-l), that were incu ...
... slopes of nutrient agar that were incubated overnight at 30 "C and then stored at 2 "C. A Dap-requiring mutant of Bacillus megaterium NCIB758 I was isolated as described below, It was maintained on slopes of minimal medium FG containing biotin (I pg 1-1) and synthetic Dap (100mg l-l), that were incu ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide homeostasis and
... less is known on the homeostatic regulation of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) despite its major role as a coenzyme of oxidoreduction reactions in the energy metabolism. Oxidation of glucose and fatty acids lead to the reduction of NAD+ into NADH. Glycolysis occurring in the cytosol prod ...
... less is known on the homeostatic regulation of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) despite its major role as a coenzyme of oxidoreduction reactions in the energy metabolism. Oxidation of glucose and fatty acids lead to the reduction of NAD+ into NADH. Glycolysis occurring in the cytosol prod ...
INTERORGAN AMMONIA TRAFFICKING
... Ammonia metabolism in Liver in liver failure • Hepatocyte loss reduces ammonia detoxification by reducing the quantity of periportal urea and perivenous glutamine synthesis • Portal–systemic shunting further reduces ammonia detoxification • With progressive liver injury, despite increases in peripo ...
... Ammonia metabolism in Liver in liver failure • Hepatocyte loss reduces ammonia detoxification by reducing the quantity of periportal urea and perivenous glutamine synthesis • Portal–systemic shunting further reduces ammonia detoxification • With progressive liver injury, despite increases in peripo ...
Systematic metabolic analysis of recombinant Pichia pastoris UNIVERSITAT AUTÒNOMA DE BARCELONA
... The systematic analysis of the cell physiological it is critical to gain knowledge about microorganisms. Systems biology gives the opportunity to obtain quantitatively analysis of different physiological levels which allow the in silico representations of the studied pathways. Overall, this field is ...
... The systematic analysis of the cell physiological it is critical to gain knowledge about microorganisms. Systems biology gives the opportunity to obtain quantitatively analysis of different physiological levels which allow the in silico representations of the studied pathways. Overall, this field is ...
NAD+-dependent formate dehydrogenase. From a model enzyme to
... from various sectors of life sciences community ranging from quantum chemists to biotechnologists as NAD+-dependent formate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.2; FDH). First discovered in 1950-1951 [1,2] it has not attracted much interest until the middle of seventies of the last century when a problem of cofa ...
... from various sectors of life sciences community ranging from quantum chemists to biotechnologists as NAD+-dependent formate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.2; FDH). First discovered in 1950-1951 [1,2] it has not attracted much interest until the middle of seventies of the last century when a problem of cofa ...
Chapter 23 Slides
... Regulation: when ATP or acetyl-CoA are high, pyruvate enters gluconeogenesis Note the "conversion problem" in mitochondria Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company ...
... Regulation: when ATP or acetyl-CoA are high, pyruvate enters gluconeogenesis Note the "conversion problem" in mitochondria Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company ...
cofactorsA
... reactions and NADP is usually associated with anabolic reactions Therefore often NAD+ and NADPH are reactants and NADH and NADP+ are products ...
... reactions and NADP is usually associated with anabolic reactions Therefore often NAD+ and NADPH are reactants and NADH and NADP+ are products ...
The Maillard Reaction
... total radical trapping activity of plasma ultra-high temperature vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity ...
... total radical trapping activity of plasma ultra-high temperature vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity ...
Organization and Integration of Large-scale Datasets for
... a promising model organism in systems biology when aiming to assess understanding of an entire living cell. One of the key steps towards this goal is the design of mathematical models that describe the cellular processes by connecting the involved components and that allow to unravel underlying mech ...
... a promising model organism in systems biology when aiming to assess understanding of an entire living cell. One of the key steps towards this goal is the design of mathematical models that describe the cellular processes by connecting the involved components and that allow to unravel underlying mech ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.