1. A. Name each enzyme present in the citric acid cycle and specify
... After addition of CoA After addition of CoA + NAD+ After addition of CoA + NAD+ + GDP + ADP After addition of CoA + NAD+ + GDP + ADP + α-ketoglutarate. ...
... After addition of CoA After addition of CoA + NAD+ After addition of CoA + NAD+ + GDP + ADP After addition of CoA + NAD+ + GDP + ADP + α-ketoglutarate. ...
Electron Transport Chain _ETC
... outside of the inner membrane. So, there is high H+ concentration outside the inner membrane. This causes H+ to enter into mitochondria through the channels (Fo); this proton influx causes ATP synthesis by ATP synthase. According to the estimated free energy of synthesis, it was presumed that around ...
... outside of the inner membrane. So, there is high H+ concentration outside the inner membrane. This causes H+ to enter into mitochondria through the channels (Fo); this proton influx causes ATP synthesis by ATP synthase. According to the estimated free energy of synthesis, it was presumed that around ...
Chapter 3: Biochemistry
... covalently bonded to other carbon atoms and to other atoms 1. Carbon atoms have 4 positions for bonding to 4 other atoms 2. Results in a huge variety of compounds B. Functional groups: ...
... covalently bonded to other carbon atoms and to other atoms 1. Carbon atoms have 4 positions for bonding to 4 other atoms 2. Results in a huge variety of compounds B. Functional groups: ...
Chapter 5 Notes:
... E. Chlorophylls and other pigments involved in absorption of solar energy reside within thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts F. Enzymes are specialized proteins that are necessary for metabolic processes like PHOTOSYNTHESIS because they lower the activation energy needed and control the rate of react ...
... E. Chlorophylls and other pigments involved in absorption of solar energy reside within thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts F. Enzymes are specialized proteins that are necessary for metabolic processes like PHOTOSYNTHESIS because they lower the activation energy needed and control the rate of react ...
“Photosynthesis and Respiration Concept Map” Use the terms below
... “Photosynthesis and Respiration Concept Map” Use the terms below to create a concept map. A concept map is a graphic organizer that illustrates the connection between terms, ideas, concepts, and processes. Typically a concept map goes from general or big ideas to smaller more specific or detailed id ...
... “Photosynthesis and Respiration Concept Map” Use the terms below to create a concept map. A concept map is a graphic organizer that illustrates the connection between terms, ideas, concepts, and processes. Typically a concept map goes from general or big ideas to smaller more specific or detailed id ...
genetic et.al - UniMAP Portal
... highly dependent on oxygen for energy production. They protect themselves from the potentially dangerous consequences of exposure to oxygen with elaborate mechanisms composed of enzymes and antioxidant molecules. ...
... highly dependent on oxygen for energy production. They protect themselves from the potentially dangerous consequences of exposure to oxygen with elaborate mechanisms composed of enzymes and antioxidant molecules. ...
Problem Set 1 - Berkeley MCB
... In humans, gluconeogenesis (A) can result in the conversion of protein into blood glucose. (B) helps to reduce blood glucose after a carbohydrate-rich meal. (C) is activated by the hormone insulin (D) is essential in the conversion of fatty acids to glucose. (E) requires the enzyme hexokinase. ...
... In humans, gluconeogenesis (A) can result in the conversion of protein into blood glucose. (B) helps to reduce blood glucose after a carbohydrate-rich meal. (C) is activated by the hormone insulin (D) is essential in the conversion of fatty acids to glucose. (E) requires the enzyme hexokinase. ...
Ch. 9 – Cellular Respiration Why does the energy stored in different
... In the ETC, the electron carriers, NADH and FADH2 that were produced in Glycolysis and Kreb’s are now going to drop off their high energy electrons and H+ ions onto the mitochondrial membrane. Once there, the energy of the electrons, with help from electron carrier proteins, will pump the H+ ions a ...
... In the ETC, the electron carriers, NADH and FADH2 that were produced in Glycolysis and Kreb’s are now going to drop off their high energy electrons and H+ ions onto the mitochondrial membrane. Once there, the energy of the electrons, with help from electron carrier proteins, will pump the H+ ions a ...
Cellular Respiration Name: Period: ______ Date: 1. Define cellular
... 28. Where does the Krebs Cycle take place? ______________________________________________________________ 29. The Krebs cycle is also known as __________________________________________________________ 30. Complete the steps to the Krebs Cycle: 1. The Krebs cycle begins when ________________________ ...
... 28. Where does the Krebs Cycle take place? ______________________________________________________________ 29. The Krebs cycle is also known as __________________________________________________________ 30. Complete the steps to the Krebs Cycle: 1. The Krebs cycle begins when ________________________ ...
Chapter 1 - TeacherWeb
... Cellular respiration – name four phases, starting reactants/ending products of each phase, location of each process, general understanding of each process, number of ATP & product at each stage produced by 1 glucose molecule Role of NAD+, FAD, Coenzyme A Similarities and differences between aerobic ...
... Cellular respiration – name four phases, starting reactants/ending products of each phase, location of each process, general understanding of each process, number of ATP & product at each stage produced by 1 glucose molecule Role of NAD+, FAD, Coenzyme A Similarities and differences between aerobic ...
biology 422 - TeacherWeb
... transport system of the mitochondria? 19.In the presence of oxygen, how is the pyruvic acid from glycolysis used? 20.What chemical compound is the starting point for the Krebs Cycle? 21.Name two additional synonyms for the Krebs Cycle and explain why they are so-named. ...
... transport system of the mitochondria? 19.In the presence of oxygen, how is the pyruvic acid from glycolysis used? 20.What chemical compound is the starting point for the Krebs Cycle? 21.Name two additional synonyms for the Krebs Cycle and explain why they are so-named. ...
Cellular Respiration
... supplied by _____, which is (are) produced in the process of cellular respiration. ...
... supplied by _____, which is (are) produced in the process of cellular respiration. ...
CHEM 214 Elementary Biochemistry
... There are no make-up quizzes or exams. An hourly exam missed for a valid reason (first discussed with the instructor) will be replaced by the corresponding grade on the final (Final is then 65% of your total grade). The learning objectives for Chem 214 are the following: To gain an understanding of ...
... There are no make-up quizzes or exams. An hourly exam missed for a valid reason (first discussed with the instructor) will be replaced by the corresponding grade on the final (Final is then 65% of your total grade). The learning objectives for Chem 214 are the following: To gain an understanding of ...
Chapter 9: Fermentation
... bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt. •Muscle cells switch from aerobic respiration to lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce. •The waste product, lactate, may cause muscle fatigue, but ultimately it is converted back to pyruvate in the liver. ...
... bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt. •Muscle cells switch from aerobic respiration to lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce. •The waste product, lactate, may cause muscle fatigue, but ultimately it is converted back to pyruvate in the liver. ...
Practice Cellular Respiration Test
... b. enzymes make the reaction take place in small steps c. water prevents uncontrolled combustion d. no oxygen is needed e. no heat is released ...
... b. enzymes make the reaction take place in small steps c. water prevents uncontrolled combustion d. no oxygen is needed e. no heat is released ...
photosynthesis and respiration
... carbon is allowed to bond to form organic compounds 1. Carbon dioxide from the light reaction is allowed to react with the 2NADPH molecules. Remember-these molecules were formed earlier and stored. 2. The 2H of the NADPH will bond to the carbon and oxygen of CO2 This leaves 2NADPs. These are recycle ...
... carbon is allowed to bond to form organic compounds 1. Carbon dioxide from the light reaction is allowed to react with the 2NADPH molecules. Remember-these molecules were formed earlier and stored. 2. The 2H of the NADPH will bond to the carbon and oxygen of CO2 This leaves 2NADPs. These are recycle ...
Intracellular Respiration
... 1. oxidation – the loss of electrons (usually pulled by electronegative oxygen) a. in respiration Glucose is oxidized, releasing energy b. Oxygen, in turn, is reduced 2.reduction the addition of electrons 3. hydrocarbons, and molecules that have a lot of Hydrogen(sugars, fats) are sources of electro ...
... 1. oxidation – the loss of electrons (usually pulled by electronegative oxygen) a. in respiration Glucose is oxidized, releasing energy b. Oxygen, in turn, is reduced 2.reduction the addition of electrons 3. hydrocarbons, and molecules that have a lot of Hydrogen(sugars, fats) are sources of electro ...
biology 422 - TeacherWeb
... 21.What are the two main types of fermentation and give a description of the chemical pathway involved in each, to include the beginning substances, the intermediate reactions and the final products as well as indicate whether ATP is used or made. ...
... 21.What are the two main types of fermentation and give a description of the chemical pathway involved in each, to include the beginning substances, the intermediate reactions and the final products as well as indicate whether ATP is used or made. ...
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
... variety of biosynthetic processes • α-Ketoglutarate is transaminated to make glutamate, which can be used to make purine nucleotides, Arg and Pro • Succinyl-CoA can be used to make porphyrins • Fumarate and oxaloacetate can be used to make several amino acids and also pyrimidine ...
... variety of biosynthetic processes • α-Ketoglutarate is transaminated to make glutamate, which can be used to make purine nucleotides, Arg and Pro • Succinyl-CoA can be used to make porphyrins • Fumarate and oxaloacetate can be used to make several amino acids and also pyrimidine ...
Document
... considerably depending on lipolysis rates > uptake: free diffusion across the plasma membrane > rate of uptake is proportional to plasma concentration • Fatty acid utilization is governed by demand, ensuring fuel economy > FAD and NAD are necessary for b-oxidation > these factors are limiting in cel ...
... considerably depending on lipolysis rates > uptake: free diffusion across the plasma membrane > rate of uptake is proportional to plasma concentration • Fatty acid utilization is governed by demand, ensuring fuel economy > FAD and NAD are necessary for b-oxidation > these factors are limiting in cel ...
File
... CoA is released to go back to the outer compartment. • This entire process consumes water (to get oxygen, making the process aerobic), and releases 6 NADH + H+ & 2 FADH2 molecules, 4 CO2 molecules per glucose molecule that we started with, and produces 2 ATP per glucose molecule that we started with ...
... CoA is released to go back to the outer compartment. • This entire process consumes water (to get oxygen, making the process aerobic), and releases 6 NADH + H+ & 2 FADH2 molecules, 4 CO2 molecules per glucose molecule that we started with, and produces 2 ATP per glucose molecule that we started with ...
Ch 18 reading guide
... 8. In the process, FAD is reduced to _____________ as lipoamide is reoxidized. In turn, _______________ is reoxidized to FAD as NAD+ is reduced to ________________. 9. Which cofactor also serves as a flexible linkage to bring the substrate to all the enzyme active sites? 10. Looking at Figure 18.7, ...
... 8. In the process, FAD is reduced to _____________ as lipoamide is reoxidized. In turn, _______________ is reoxidized to FAD as NAD+ is reduced to ________________. 9. Which cofactor also serves as a flexible linkage to bring the substrate to all the enzyme active sites? 10. Looking at Figure 18.7, ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.